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Colored dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a significant indicator of refractory DOM in wastewaters, and fluorescent DOM is an essential part indicating colorants. However, little is known about the composition and contribution of colored DOM to wastewater. This study provided some insights on the persistent yellowish color in biological effluent through use of a multi-characterization approach, and evaluated the effect of two advanced treatments (O3 and granular active carbon (GAC)) in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. The multi-characterization technique incorporated resin fractionation, excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEM) combined with fluorescence regional integration (FRI), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The fractionation results showed that hydrophobic acid (HPOA) and hydrophilic (HPI) substances are abundant in colorants, and HPI-type colorants are comparatively resistant or unable to be removed through GAC and O3 individually. this website FRI-based EEMs showed that F3 (fulvic acid-like organics) and F5 (humic acid-like organics) mainly account for the yellowish color, and their combined fractions of total colorants are 50%, 31%, and 48% in biological, biological + O3, and biological + GAC effluents, respectively. SEC for measurement of the apparent molecular weight revealed that these colorants may have molecular weights in the range 2-5 kDa. The XPS analysis indicated that these colorants possess ether or hydroxyl and nitro (C-O/C-N) chromophoric groups with conjugated aromatic structures. For C-O/C-N, O3 showed good removal efficiency overall. GAC showed exceptionally high efficiency for HPOA but very low efficacy toward HPI-type colorants in terms of C-O/C-N chromophoric functional group removal.Harmful algal blooms caused by Karlodinium veneficum recently occurred with high incidence, posing a serious threat to the marine ecological environment, public health, and mariculture. It is therefore rather vital to establish a method for rapid detection of K. veneficum. In this study, the D1-D2 region of the large subunit rDNA (LSU rDNA D1-D2) of K. veneficum was cloned and sequenced to design the specific probes and primers. A novel method referred to as double-nick rolling circle amplification (dn-RCA) based on the designed probes and primers was initially established. The optimal reaction conditions for dn-RCA were as follows probe concentration, 200 pM; ligation temperature, 57 °C; ligation time, 50 min; amplification temperature, 60 °C; and amplification time, 60 min. Furthermore, lateral flow dipstick (LFD) was employed instead of agarose gel electrophoresis to analyze dn-RCA products, which can simplify the detection procedure and reduce the operation time. The sensitivity of dn-RCA-LFD was tested wlusion, the established dn-RCA-LFD has advantages of high sensitivity, strong specificity, and stable performance, and is therefore promising for rapid detection of K. veneficum.Consumption of meat from animals hunted with Pb ammunition can cause toxic accumulation with consequent health risks, even if relatively small amounts are consumed in each exposure. In El Palmar National Park, Argentina, invasive alien mammals, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and axis deer (Axis axis), are culled with Pb ammunition and their meat is consumed. In this study, we evaluated blood Pb concentrations in 58 consumers of culled game and examined Pb exposure risk according to their demographics, duty, and consumption habits. Likewise, the likelihood of exposure was evaluated by quantifying Pb concentrations in meat samples of seven culled axis deer. Twenty-seven participants (46%) had detectable blood Pb levels (limit of detection = 3.3 μg/dL), with an average 4.75 ± 1.35 μg/dL (geometric mean ± geometric S.D.); the average for all participants was 3.25 ± 1.51 μg/dL. Blood Pb concentrations were significantly higher in hunters, in participants who reported consuming game meat more than 5 times per week, and in participants who reported frequently consuming cured game meat (compared to cooked or pickled). Pb concentration varied significantly along the trajectory of the bullet in deer muscle, being highest at mid-point but with detectable Pb levels even in distant tissue samples (control), suggesting potential for dietary intake by consumers. These findings provide evidence of Pb exposure risk in consumers and emphasize the relevance of replacing Pb ammunition with non-toxic alternatives. This change would reduce dietary exposure in frequent consumers and allow the use of game meat as safe food for people whilst eliminating collateral risks to wild animals and the environment.Global environment changes rapidly alter regional hydrothermal conditions, which undoubtedly affects the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. However, identifying and quantifying the dynamic evolution and driving factors of vegetation greenness under the changing environment are still a challenge. In this study, gradual trend analysis was applied to calculate the overall spatiotemporal trend of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series of Xinjiang province in China, the abrupt change analysis was used to detect the timing of breakpoint and trend shift, and two machine learning methods (boosted regression tree and random forest) were used to quantify the key factors of vegetation change and their relative contribution rate. The results have shown that vegetation has experienced overall recovery over the past 20 years in Xinjiang, and greenness increased at a rate of 17.83 10-4 year-1. Cropland, grassland, and sparse vegetation were the main biome types where vegetation restoration is happening. Nearly 10% of the pixels (about 166000 km2) were detected to have breakpoints from 2004 to 2016 of the monthly NDVI, and most of the breakpoints were concentrated in the ecotone of various biomes. CO2 concentration was the most prevalent environmental factor to increase vegetation greenness, because continuous emission of CO2 greatly enhanced the fertilization effect, further promoted vegetation growth. Besides, cropland expansion and desertification control were the vital anthropogenic factors to vegetation turning "green" in Xinjiang, and most areas under anthropogenic were mainly in oasis areas. These findings provide new insights and measures for the regional response strategies and terrestrial ecosystem protection.
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