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Towards lasting fossil fuel market: Switching coal bottom part ash directly into riches.
RESULTS The inclusion criteria for the review were fulfilled in 8 studies. The overall quality of the individual studies was judged to be moderate at best. The data were methodologically homogenous enough to be pooled for the meta-analysis in only 2 studies. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that tonsil surgery has a positive effect on the growth direction of the mandible (p less then 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There is modest evidence that suggests that tonsil surgery has a positive effect on the dentofacial development in children with hypertrophied tonsils. Securing normal dentofacial development should be one component, but not the only one, when the indications for tonsil surgery in children are considered. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease which leads to accelerated platelet clearance. We investigated the plasma cytokine, chemokine and growth factor signatures and their clinical significance in pediatric ITP patients during acute, chronic and follow-up stages as well as the effects of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment, by using the Multiplex technology. In acute ITP before and/or after IVIg treatment we found significantly increased plasma levels of the pro- (tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin IL-15) and anti- (IL-1 receptor antagonist (Ra), IL-10 and the growth factor interferon γ-induced protein (IP-10)) inflammatory cytokines, compared to healthy controls. Except for IL1-Ra, these cytokines decreased to normal levels in chronic patients. In contrast, growth-regulated α protein (GRO) and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), known as platelet-derived molecules, were found to be significantly decreased in acute and increased in chronic ITP patients compared to healthy controls. GRO levels positively correlated with the platelet counts in the follow-up and chronic cohort. Monocyte counts showed a significant positive correlation only with IP-10 levels in acute ITP after IVIg treatment and follow-up patients. Expression levels of mRNAs for macrophage inflammatory protein MIP1-β, IL-1Ra and GRO determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were significantly reduced in both acute and chronic ITP compared to controls. Our findings suggest that the different clinical presentation of acute and chronic pediatric ITP and to a lesser extent the IVIg treatment effects are characterized overall by a counterbalanced cytokine, chemokine and growth factor pattern response that might exert a pathogenic role in this disease. The interaction-based oxidative potential (OPint) represents the prediction of binary mixture effects distinguishing from linear additivity by including information on binary mixtures among PM components. The objective of this work is to develope a reliable estimate on the possible synergistic or antagonistic possibility of binary PM components and to quantify the combined effect. We firstly assessed the interactions among PM components in generating the OP based on DTT consumption rate and AA depletion. We started with the standard solution sequence (from 0.005 to 10 μM), including quinones (PQ, 1,2-NQ, and 1,4-NQ) and metals (Cu, Mn, and Fe). The interactions between metals were antagonistic interactions in DTT consumption. Cu showed antagonistic interaction with PQ, but additive with 1,2-NQ and 1,4-NQ. Mn interacted synergistically with 1,4-NQ in DTT consumption but antagonistically with PQ (where CPQ less then 2.5 μM) and 1,4-NQ (where CPQ less then 2 μM). Fe showed synergistic with quinones in investigated concentration range (from 0.01 to 5 μM). Finally, applying a moderate approach, on the basis of interaction magnitude (M = 5), resulted in 1-17% higher environmental risks, compared with the classical calculation method using simple addition. This work highlights a new approach to quantify the interaction effects between metals and quinones in PM components, and apportioning the components' contributions for PM OP. Plastic litter pollution is increasing in the seas and oceans worldwide, raising concern on the potential effects of plasticizer additives on marine fauna. In this study, muscle samples of 30 bogues (Boops boops; Linneaus, 1758) from the North Western Mediterranean Sea were analysed to assess the concentrations of 19 organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) compounds and to inspect any relationship with microplastic ingestion and relative levels of anthropization. Out of the 19 OPFRs analysed, 6 compounds were detected, being tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) the most abundant. As expected, OPFR concentrations were higher in samples collected off the most anthropized area of the city of Barcelona than in those from the Cap de Creus Marine Protected Area, while no significant correlation was detected between OPFR concentrations and microplastic ingestion. The results of this manuscript provide a first evidence of OPFR presence in the muscle of the bogue and identify the coastal area off Barcelona as a possible concentration area for contaminants, further supporting the use of the bogue as an indicator species of plastic pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccessibility of pesticide residues in blueberries (commercial and sample from controlled field trial) from Serbia, involving the presence of a complex food matrix and to assess the potential risk to human health. The presence of nine active substances (azoxystrobin, boscalid, fludioxonil, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, pyridaben, pyriproxyfen, acetamiprid and thiametoxam) in initial blueberry samples was determined in concentration range from 5.15 μg/kg for thiametoxam to 187 μg/kg for azoxystrobin. Calcitriol Clothianidin, metabolite of thiametoxam, was not detected in any blueberry sample. However, after in vitro digestion, the content of initially detected pesticides residues was significantly decreased or it was below limit of quantification resulting in the total bioaccessibility of about 15%. Azoxystrobin, pyrimethanil and fludioxonil was quantified in digestive juice at concentrations which were about 81%, 37% and 10% less than the inital concentration, respectively. The presence of food matrix during digestion of blueberries even more severely reduced concentration of pesticide residues (total bioaccessibility was about 7%) compared to digestion without the food matrix.
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