Notes

Corona mortis damage triggering late demonstration regarding pelvic pseudoaneurysm.
Cancer is a kind of disease which can be explained at the molecular level as triggered by accretion of damaged deoxyribonucleic acid. There are several genes involved in cancer, mainly belonging to two classes called tumour suppressors and oncogenes. Other than the well-known breast cancer susceptibility 1/2 genes, there are several other genes involved in the development of breast and ovarian cancers. However, since the past two decades the focus of research has been on and breast cancer susceptibility 1/2 genes. The current review was planned to delve into the structure and function of breast cancer susceptibility 1/2 genes to augment research on the genetics of breast cancer. The understanding of tumour suppressor genes is also helpful in the analysis of mutational spectra and to determine the treatment strategies in clinical interventional studies.Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder which disrupts normal physiological functions of the body cells to take in and utilise glucose effectively. On the other hand, blood glycaemic control remains the primary therapeutic target for diabetic patients. Dietary starch is the main determinant of blood glucose. But dietary starch tolerance levels fluctuate between individuals, which might be due to difference in genetic variants of alpha-amylase enzyme. Additionally, genetic variability of cereal carbohydrates may also influence glucophenotype in terms of a specific glycaemic and biochemical derangement. Therefore, personalised carbohydrate/ starch based diets are needed to ensure optimum blood glycaemic control in diabetic subjects in prospective studies.
To determine the competencies of charge nurses.

The systematic review and thematic synthesis study was done at Iran from1 Apr 2018 to 31 Jul 2018. Five electronic bibliographic database (Science Direct, Pro Quest, Scopus, Pub-Med, Scientific Information Database) were systematically searched for relevant literature published from 1980 to 2018. Content analysis was done to categorise competency of charge nurses.

Of the 1285 articles, 24(1.86%) were reviewed. Through thematic synthesis, six themes identified were self-management, others' management, clinical competency, conceptual-cognitive competency, professional-legal competency and competency in communication. There is need to improve knowledge and skills in the domains of management, leadership, communication and perceptual/cognitive competency.

The findings may help nurse administrators and nurse directors in designing training programmes for charge nurses who could improve their competencies.
The findings may help nurse administrators and nurse directors in designing training programmes for charge nurses who could improve their competencies.
To investigate the treatment practice in myofascial pain syndrome among physical therapists in an urban setting.

The cross-sectional study was conducted from June to December, 2016, at the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Science, Karachi Pakistan, and comprised qualified physical therapists of either gender working at various health centres in the city. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire, and was analysed using SPSS 16.

Of the 93 respondents, 37(39.8%) were males and 56(60.2%) were females; 39(41.9%) had Masters level professional education; and 29(31.2%) had 5-8 years of experience. Myofascial Pain Syndrome was diagnosed through physical examination by 78(83.9%) subjects, on the basis of history by 70(75.3%) and palpable band by 75(80%). ABT-199 Preferred treatment strategy was ischaemic compression for 63(67.7%) and postural re-education for 64(68.8%), while dry needling was used by 29(31.2%) subjects. Also, 75(80%) therapists preferred manual therapy superior combined with other treatments.

Physical examination was found to be the most common diagnostic method used for myofascial pain syndrome by the therapists.
Physical examination was found to be the most common diagnostic method used for myofascial pain syndrome by the therapists.
To compare the sensitivity and specificity of dried blood spot with conventional blood sampling for serological and molecular testing of hepatitis B and C viruses.

The case-control study was conducted at the Pakistan Health Research Council Specialised Centre for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karachi, from May,2015 to April,2016 and comprised patients who were hepatitis B surface antigen-positive (group 1), anti-hepatitis C virus positive (group 2), hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid-positive (group 3), and hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid-positive (group 4). A group of controls had healthy subjects negative for both hepatitis B and C viruses. Blood samples were collected using the conventional as well as the dried blood spot method using finger prick. Relevant tests were run for each subject using both the samples at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of storage. Receiver operative characteristic curve was plotted to determine the ideal cut-off points for dried blood spot testing and corresponding sensitivity and specificity. Data was analysed using SPSS 19.

Of the 100 subjects, there were 20(20%) in each of the four patient groups and 20(20%) in the control group. Sensitivity of dried blood spot method was 95.2%, 95%, 80% and 70% for groups 2, 1, 4 and 3 respectively when tested within a week of sampling. Specificity was 100% for all the four groups. There was a significant correlation of the two methods for all the four parameters tested (p<0.01).

Dried blood spot sampling correlated well with the conventional blood sampling method for serological and molecular testing.
Dried blood spot sampling correlated well with the conventional blood sampling method for serological and molecular testing.
To determine the effect of deep breathing exercises on lung functions in apparently healthy smokers.

The pilot study was conducted at Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan, from May to December, 2017, and comprised apparently healthy smokers aged 20-30 years with a minimum smoking history of 5 years. The participants were divided into control and experimental groups. The control group was not given any treatment, while the experimental group was trained on deep breathing exercise techniques. Baseline data was compared after two weeks of intervention. SPSS 21 was used for data analysis.

Of the 30 subjects, there were 15(50%) in each of the two groups. In the experimental group, significant changes were found in vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, force expiratory volume, and forced vital capacity (p<0.05). Post-intervention, all parameters improved significantly in the experimental group (p<0.05).

Deep breathing exercise techniques were found to be useful in healthy smokers for improving lung functions and delaying the development of chronic obstructive lung complications.
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