Notes

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The exact correlation of testicular microlithiasis (TM) with benign and malignant conditions remains unknown, especially in the paediatric population. The potential association of TM with testicular malignancy in adulthood has led to controversy regarding management and follow-up.

To determine the prognostic importance of TM in children in correlation to the risk of testicular malignancy or infertility and compare the differences between the paediatric and adult population.

We performed a literature review of the Medline, Embase and Cochrane controlled trials databases until November 2020 according to the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. Twenty-six publications were included in the analysis.

During the follow-up of 595 children with TM only one patient with TM developed a testicular malignancy during puberty. In the other 594 no testicular malignancy was found, even in the presence of risk factors. In the adult population, an increased risk for testbe associated with testicular malignancy during childhood, but in the presence of risk factors is associated with testicular malignancy in the adult population. Routine monthly self-examination of the testes is recommended in children with contributing risk factors from puberty onwards. When TM is still present during transition to adulthood a more intensive follow-up could be considered.
Diabetes mellitus has been reported to be associated with increased serum levels of ferritin. The basis of this association is unclear. It is also not precisely known whether other iron-related parameters, including hepcidin (the central regulator of systemic iron homeostasis), are affected under these circumstances. This study attempted to determine this.

Adult men (normoglycemic or newly diagnosed with diabetes or pre-diabetes) were recruited. Anthropometric, metabolic, and hematological and iron-related parameters in blood were measured. selleck chemicals llc Indices of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and pancreatic beta cell function (HOMA-β) were calculated.

Subjects in the 3 groups were similar in age, and anthropometric and hematological parameters. Serum ferritin and hepcidin levels were higher in diabetics, than in pre-diabetics and in control subjects. These elevations seen were not linked to the presence of inflammation. HOMA-IR was higher in diabetics, and HOMA-β lower in diabetics and pre-diabetics, than in control subjects. HOMA-IR and serum ferritin were positively correlated with one another.

Elevated levels of serum ferritin and hepcidin in newly diagnosed diabetics (but not pre-diabetics) indicate dysregulated iron homeostasis, with the former positively associated with insulin resistance in these patients.
Elevated levels of serum ferritin and hepcidin in newly diagnosed diabetics (but not pre-diabetics) indicate dysregulated iron homeostasis, with the former positively associated with insulin resistance in these patients.
We aimed to compare renal sinus fat volume assessed by MRI between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy volunteers, and investigate the association between renal sinus fat and metabolic traits.

In this cross-sectional study, renal sinus fat and parenchyma volumes measured on abdominal MRI were compared between patients and controls using analysis of covariance. Associations of renal parameters with clinical characteristics were analyzed using linear regression analysis.

A total of 146 participants were enrolled, consisting of 95 type 2 diabetes patients (57.2±8.8years, 49.5% male) and 51 controls (54.0±9.2years, 43.1% male). Patients with diabetes demonstrated larger sinus fat volumes (15.4±7.5cm
vs. 10.3±7.1cm
, p<0.001) and sinus fat-parenchyma ratio than controls. In the total population, renal sinus fat was positively associated with HbA1c, abdominal VAT, cholesterol and triglycerides, after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity and type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes patients, increased sinus fat volume was significantly associated with urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Renal sinus fat volume is positively associated with several metabolic risk factors including HbA1c level and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in type 2 diabetes patients, indicating a potential role of renal sinus fat in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Future studies are needed to investigate whether sinus fat volume can serve as an early biomarker for diabetic nephropathy.
Renal sinus fat volume is positively associated with several metabolic risk factors including HbA1c level and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in type 2 diabetes patients, indicating a potential role of renal sinus fat in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Future studies are needed to investigate whether sinus fat volume can serve as an early biomarker for diabetic nephropathy.
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) changed the landscape of atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment, but also brought new challenges in terms of accessibility and compliance. The purpose of this study was to assess adherence to DOACs, and predictors of adherence in a population of AF patients.

Single-center retrospective study including all patients with non-valvular AF treated with a DOAC and followed in outpatient general cardiology, whose first DOAC prescription was between 1 April 2016 to August 2018. The number of pharmacy refills from the day of first prescription to 31 August 2018 was counted (by means of an electronic prescription platform). Medication refill adherence (MRA) was calculated by dividing the total days of supply by the number of days under therapy. Non-compliance was defined as MRA <90%.

A total of 264 patients (120 men, mean age 74 [PLEASE INSERT SYMBOL] 12 years) met the inclusion criteria. The median CHA2DS2VASC score was 3 (interquartile range (IQR) 2-5) and the median HAS-BLED w (51%) were classified as non-compliant (medication refill adherence less then 90%). Therapy duration, DOACs with b.i.d. posology and higher medication copayments were independent predictors of non-compliance, which might be targets to improve patient adherence.
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