Notes

A new SNP-based GWAS and also well-designed haplotype-based GWAS regarding banner leaf-related qualities in addition to their influence on the produce associated with bakery wheat or grain (Triticum aestivum L.).
e., midplane or interface). Our approach represents a fast and simple tool for obtaining structural and thermodynamic insight into the partitioning of small molecules between lipid domains and its relation to phase separation, ultimately providing a platform for identifying the key determinants of this process. BACKGROUND & AIMS Some previous evidence have linked dairy products with greater muscle mass, bone mineral density and lower risk of osteoporosis. However, there is also evidence of a detrimental effect of milk on the risk of hip fracture. The aim of this study was to assess the prospective association between dairy consumption and risk of falls in older adults. METHODS We used data from 2 cohorts of community-dwellers aged ≥60y the Seniors-ENRICA cohort with 2981 individuals, and the UK Biobank cohort with 8927 participants. In the Seniors-ENRICA, dairy consumption was assessed with a validated diet history in 2008-10, and falls were ascertained up to 2015. In the UK Biobank study, dairy consumption was obtained with 3-5 multiple-pass 24-h food records in 2006-10, and falls were assessed up to 2016. RESULTS A total of 801 individuals in the Seniors-ENRICA and 201 in the UK Biobank experienced ≥1 fall. After adjustment for potential confounders, dairy products were not associated with risk of falls in the Seniors-ENRICA [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) per 1-serving increment in total dairy consumption 1.02 (0.93-1.11), milk 0.93 (0.85-1.01), yogurt 1.05 (0.96-1.15), and cheese 0.96 (0.88-1.05)]. Corresponding figures in the UK Biobank were total dairy 1.19 (1.00-1.41), milk 1.53 (1.13-2.08), yogurt 1.10 (0.90-1.31), and cheese 1.02 (0.87-1.22). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a null association between habitual dairy consumption and the risk of falling in older adults. Whether milk consumption may increase the risk of falls, as observed in the UK Biobank cohort, merits further study. AIM To develop a screening tool for the detection of interstitial lung disease (ILD) patterns using a deep-learning method. MATERIALS AND METHODS A fully convolutional network was used for semantic segmentation of several ILD patterns. Improved segmentation of ILD patterns was achieved using multi-scale feature extraction. Dilated convolution was used to maintain the resolution of feature maps and to enlarge the receptive field. mTOR activator The proposed method was evaluated on a publicly available ILD database (MedGIFT) and a private clinical research database. Several metrics, such as success rate, sensitivity, and false positives per section were used for quantitative evaluation of the proposed method. RESULTS Sections with fibrosis and emphysema were detected with a similar success rate and sensitivity for both databases but the performance of detection was lower for consolidation compared to fibrosis and emphysema. CONCLUSION Automatic identification of ILD patterns in a high-resolution computed tomography (CT) image was implemented using a deep-learning framework. Creation of a pre-trained model with natural images and subsequent transfer learning using a particular database gives acceptable results. Alphaviruses are emerging, mosquito-transmitted RNA viruses with poorly understood cellular tropism and species selectivity. Mxra8 is a receptor for multiple alphaviruses including chikungunya virus (CHIKV). We discovered that while expression of mouse, rat, chimpanzee, dog, horse, goat, sheep, and human Mxra8 enables alphavirus infection in cell culture, cattle Mxra8 does not. Cattle Mxra8 encodes a 15-amino acid insertion in its ectodomain that prevents Mxra8 binding to CHIKV. Identical insertions are present in zebu, yak, and the extinct auroch. As other Bovinae lineages contain related Mxra8 sequences, this insertion likely occurred at least 5 million years ago. Removing the Mxra8 insertion in Bovinae enhances alphavirus binding and infection, while introducing the insertion into mouse Mxra8 blocks CHIKV binding, prevents infection by multiple alphaviruses in cells, and mitigates CHIKV-induced pathogenesis in mice. Our studies on how this insertion provides resistance to CHIKV infection could facilitate countermeasures that disrupt Mxra8 interactions with alphaviruses. Fecal IgA production depends on colonization by a gut microbiota. However, the bacterial strains that drive gut IgA production remain largely unknown. Here, we assessed the IgA-inducing capacity of a diverse set of human gut microbial strains by monocolonizing mice with each strain. We identified Bacteroides ovatus as the species that best induced gut IgA production. However, this induction varied bimodally across different B. ovatus strains. The high IgA-inducing B. ovatus strains preferentially elicited more IgA production in the large intestine through the T cell-dependent B cell-activation pathway. Remarkably, a low-IgA phenotype in mice could be robustly and consistently converted into a high-IgA phenotype by transplanting a multiplex cocktail of high IgA-inducing B. ovatus strains but not individual ones. Our results highlight the critical importance of microbial strains in driving phenotype variation in the mucosal immune system and provide a strategy to robustly modify a gut immune phenotype, including IgA production. During short-lived perturbations, such as inflammation, the gut microbiota exhibits resilience and reverts to its original configuration. Although microbial access to the micronutrient iron is decreased during colitis, pathogens can scavenge iron by using siderophores. How commensal bacteria acquire iron during gut inflammation is incompletely understood. Curiously, the human commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron does not produce siderophores but grows under iron-limiting conditions using enterobacterial siderophores. Using RNA-seq, we identify B. thetaiotaomicron genes that were upregulated during Salmonella-induced gut inflammation and were predicted to be involved in iron uptake. Mutants in the xusABC locus (BT2063-2065) were defective for xenosiderophore-mediated iron uptake in vitro. In the normal mouse gut, the XusABC system was dispensable, while a xusA mutant colonized poorly during colitis. This work identifies xenosiderophore utilization as a critical mechanism for B. thetaiotaomicron to sustain colonization during inflammation and suggests a mechanism of how interphylum iron metabolism contributes to gut microbiota resilience.
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