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mains, context, and security should be included in the CFIR framework for any humanitarian settings.BACKGROUND Beijing is a national and international hub potentially containing a broad diversity of HIV variants. Previous studies on molecular epidemiology of HIV in Beijing pooled together samples from residents and non-residents. Pooling residents and non-residents has potentially introduced bias and undermined a good assessment and the intervention among the autochthonous population. Here, we aimed to define HIV subtype diversity and investigate the TDR in Beijing residents exclusively. METHODS We analyzed the demographic, clinical, and virological data collected between 2001 and 2016 from residents in Beijing. A population-based sequencing of the HIV pol gene was carried out using plasma specimens. Phylogenetic analysis was performed in order to classify sequences into their corresponding subtypes using an automated subtyping tool, the Context-Based Modeling for Expeditious Typing (COMET). Furthermore, the drug resistance mutations were determined using the World Health Organization list for surveillance . In sharp contrast to Europe and North America, the declining trend of TDR between 2001 through 2016 was noticed while there was a widespread distribution of antiretroviral treatment in Beijing, China.BACKGROUND It is unclear how comprehensive evaluations conducted prior to clinical clerkships (CC), such as the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) and computer-based testing (CBT), reflect the performance of medical students in CC. Here we retrospectively analyzed correlations between OSCE and CBT scores and CC performance. METHODS Ethical approval was obtained from our institutional review board. We analyzed correlations between OSCE and CBT scores and CC performance in 94 medical students who took the OSCE and CBT in 2017 when they were 4th year students, and who participated in the basic CC in 2018 when they were 5th year students. RESULTS Total scores for OSCE and CBT were significantly correlated with CC performance (P less then 0.001, each). More specifically, medical interview and chest examination components of the OSCE were significantly correlated with CC performance (P = 0.001, each), while the remaining five components of the OSCE were not. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the OSCE and CBT play important roles in predicting CC performance in Japanese medical education context. PHA-665752 chemical structure Among OSCE components, medical interview and chest examination were suggested to be important for predicting CC performance.The sulphur-rich and acidic vent waters of a shallow hydrothermal vent field next to Kueishan Island in Taiwan provide a specific and generally toxic environment. Among only a few aquatic organisms able to survive there, the grapsoid crab Xenograpsus testudinatus is the dominant species with a high population density in the vent area. Here we study the gender-specific distribution, morphological traits, and relationship of wet weight vs. carapace width of this crab. A total of 1120 individuals including 831 male and 289 female (included 15 ovigerous) were examined during August and September in 2011 and May and September in 2012. Except in August 2011, there are no significant differences in the distribution of X. testudinatus in the hydrothermal vent area from the vent spout during most months. Among crabs, the weight of male (6.87 ± 2.90 g) was significantly heavier than that of females (4.17 ± 1.25 g) (p less then 0.001, Student's t-test). As for the wet weight of crabs, significant differences were noted in both the length of chela and the width of carapace between males and females. Sexual dimorphism of X. testudinatus is evident in three morphological traits. Pearson's correlation showed a significant and positive correlation (p less then 0.001) of wet weight, width of carapace and length of chela of the two sexes. Ovigerous crabs (shortest carapace width 1.93 cm) were present in the specimen collected from August 2011 and May 2012. The ovigerous crabs were not found in the samples collected from September in both years 2011 and 2012, indicating that reproduction may have ceased during the period of sampling. The present results suggested that the reproductive period of X. testudinatus was before September. The distribution pattern and sexual dimorphism of X. testudinatus provided a better understanding of the idiobiology of this dominant metazoan in the hydrothermal vent area.Food and feeds contaminated with mycotoxins have been a threat to the rearing industry by causing some of the most fatal toxic reactions not only in the farm animals but also in humans who consume them. Toxicity to juvenile goats was induced by feed contamination with T-2 toxin (at 10 and 20 ppm dosage; group I and II, respectively). The toxicity impact was assessed on days 15 and 30 post treatment with respect to growth performance, oxidative stress, apoptotic studies and detailed pathomorphology. The study revealed that apart from the obvious clinical toxicosis (weakness, lethargy, and retardation in growth), the toxin fed groups also exhibited significant haematological (reduced hemoglobin, total leukocyte and thrombocyte counts) and biochemical changes (increased levels of oxidative stress markers with concomitant decrease in levels of serum and tissue catalase and superoxide dismutase). The pathomorphological and histological alterations suggested that the liver and intestine were the most affected organs. Ultra-structurally, varying degrees of degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolations and pleomorphic mitochondria were observed in the hepatocytes and the enterocytes of the intestine. Kidney also revealed extensive degeneration of the cytoplasmic organelles with similar condensation of the heterochromatin whereas the neuronal degeneration was characterized by circular, whirling structures. In addition, the central vein and portal triad of the hepatocytes, cryptic epithelial cells of the intestine, MLNs in the lymphoid follicles, PCT and DCT of the nephronal tissues and the white pulp of the spleen exhibited extensive apoptosis. In this study, it was also observed that the expression of HSPs, pro-apoptotic proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly upregulated in response to the toxin treatment. These results suggest that the pathogenesis of T-2 toxicosis in goats employs oxidative, apoptotic and inflammatory mechanisms.
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