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Small RNAs, Degradome, and also Transcriptome Sequencing Supply Insights into Pawpaw Fruit Maturing Regulated by simply 1-MCP.
The light spot diameter is about 60 microns with measuring-time in 2 seconds. The measurement deviation is 3% compared by a commercial ellipsometer. To conclude, the proposed method realizes the layer number reduction for fitting multilayer thickness with large thickness difference and similar optical constants, which provides a powerful approach for multilayer microstructure characterizations.Multilayer Laue lenses are diffractive optics for hard X-rays. To achieve high numerical aperture and resolution, diffracting structures of nanometer periods are required in such lenses, and a thickness (in the direction of propagation) of several micrometers is needed for high diffracting efficiency. Such structures must be oriented to satisfy Bragg's law, which can only be achieved consistently over the entire lens if the layers vary in their tilt relative to the incident beam. The correct tilt, for a particular wavelength, can be achieved with a very simple technique of using a straight-edge mask to give the necessary gradient of the layers. An analysis of the properties of lenses cut from such a shaded profile is presented and it is shown how to design, prepare, and characterize matched pairs of lenses that operate at a particular wavelength and focal length. It is also shown how to manufacture lenses with ideal curved layers for optimal efficiency.The absorbance studies of the optical radiation reflection from the boundary of two soft-matter media with a thin monolayer between are performed for a number of angles of incidence. The reflectance and absorbance spectra are described in terms of a unique spectrum invariant with respect to the incidence angles. The angular dependence of the absorbance for s-polarized radiation is shown to not provide any extra information as compared with a single-angle study in line with the previously developed theoretical considerations. We verify it experimentally performing the multi-angle infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy measurements at the air-water interface with a thin lipid film.A perfect vortex beam has been attracting tremendous attention due to the fact that its ring radius is independent of the topological charge. Taking advantage of the superposition principle of phase in Fourier space, we proposed to generate perfect vortex beam using propagation-phase-based dielectric metasurface, which exhibits production efficiency larger than 83.5%. Due to the sensitivity of propagation phase to the polarization of incident beam, two sets of phase profiles can be imposed on a single dielectric metasurface, enabling the simultaneous generation of dual perfect vortex beams. Based on this property, convenient control to the radius and/or topological charge of perfect vortex beam is achieved by switching the incident polarization between two orthogonal polarizations, without redesigning metasurface or changing optical path. What's more important, the crosstalk of these two channels is low, less than 4%. GSK2126458 Thus, the propagation-phase method of producing perfect vortex beam will find significant applications in optical communication, particle trapping, particle manipulation and holographic display.Spectral efficient frequency division multiplexing (SEFDM) can greatly increase the spectral efficiency for intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) optical communication systems. The sphere detection algorithm (SD) is the most efficient way to get the maximum likelihood (ML) solution to solve the inter-carrier interference (ICI) induced by the bandwidth compression of SEFDM system. However, SD algorithm is restricted by the numbers of subcarriers for SEFDM system, especially for larger numbers. Therefore, a sorted Gram-Schmidt (SGS) orthogonal decomposition algorithm, which can be applied to any subcarrier numbers, is proposed to overcome this restriction. To the best of our knowledge, the searched paths of FSD are researched for the first time to balance performance and complexity. Based on the analysis, a soft-tree-width sphere detection algorithm (SSD) is proposed and demonstrated by simulation and experiment. The results show that the proposed algorithm can greatly reduce the computational complexity (at least 40%) with the same system performance. The proposed algorithms are a promising candidate for flexible and efficient SEFDM systems. The SEFDM with the proposed detector is significant for the IM/DD optical systems.Invisibility cloaking devices constitute a unique and potentially disruptive technology, but only if they can work over broad bandwidths for electrically-large objects. So far, the only known scheme that allows for broadband scattering cancellation from an electrically-large object is based on an active implementation where electric and magnetic sources are deployed over a surface surrounding the object, but whose 'switching on' and other characteristics need to be known (determined) a priori, before the incident wave hits the surface. However, until now, the performance (and potentially surprising) characteristics of these devices have not been thoroughly analysed computationally, ideally directly in the time domain, owing mainly to numerical accuracy issues and the computational overhead associated with simulations of electrically-large objects. Here, on the basis of a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method that is combined with a perfect (for FDTD's discretized space) implementation of the total-field/scattered-field (TFSF) interface, we present detailed, time- and frequency-domain analyses of the performance and characteristics of active cloaking devices. The proposed technique guarantees the isolation between scattered- and total-field regions at the numerical noise level (around -300 dB), thereby also allowing for accurate evaluations of the scattering levels from imperfect (non-ideal) active cloaks. Our results reveal several key features, not pointed out previously, such as the suppression of scattering at certain frequencies even for imperfect (time-delayed) sources on the surface of the active cloak, the broadband suppression of back-scattering even for imperfect sources and insufficiently long predetermination times, but also the sensitivity of the scheme on the accurate switching on of the active sources and on the predetermination times if broadband scattering suppression from all angles is required for the electrically-large object.
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