Notes

Bacterial mineral colonization over the subsurface redox transition sector.
The volatiles isolated by solvent extraction and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) from roasted barley tea, prepared from either hulled barley or naked barley, were subjected to a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis, which resulted in 27 odor-active compounds with flavor dilution factors (FD factors) of 64-1024. An additional 5 odorants were detected by static headspace analysis. Quantitation of these 32 compounds revealed 22 and 23 odorants in the naked barley tea and in the hulled barley tea, respectively, that exceeded their odor-threshold values. On the basis of these data, the aromas of both barley tea variants were successfully reconstituted with reference compounds. The calculation of odor-activity values (OAVs = concentration/odor-threshold value) and omission tests suggested 2-methoxyphenol (OAVs 69 and 160) and trans-isoeugenol (OAVs 1.4 and 31) as key compounds responsible for the stronger smoky note in the hulled barley tea. Further important odorants in the naked and hulled barley teas included 2-acetylpyrazine (OAVs 23 and 16), 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (OAVs 19 and 16), and 3-methylbutanal (OAVs 12 and 15).Background The present study examined the effects of a prolonged exercise intervention at the lactate threshold (LT) on body composition, aerobic performance, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in obese women. Methods A total of 36 obese Korean women 36 to 55 years old (mean±standard deviation, 44.8±5.2 years) were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n=18) or an experimental group (EXP, n=18) and underwent aerobic exercise training three times a week at a heart rate corresponding to the LT (HR_LT) for 12 weeks. All dependent variables (body composition, aerobic performance, and ANS function parameters) were evaluated before and after training. Results Compared with the CON group, the EXP group showed greater improvement in body composition (body weight, -4.57 vs. -2.40 kg; body mass index, -1.79 vs. -0.96 kg/m2; % body fat, -4.63 vs. -1.41; fat-free mass, 3.24 vs. -0.08 kg), aerobic performance (oxygen consumption at LT, 5.74 vs. 0.12 mL/kg/min; maximal oxygen consumption, 5.41 vs 2.14 mL/kg/min; treadmill speed at HR_LT, 1.40 vs. 0.29 km/hr; bicycle load at HR_LT, 18.62 vs. 4.52 bpm), and ANS function (mean RR, 50.83 vs. -15.04 ms; standard deviation of NN intervals, 5.08 vs. -0.55 ms; root mean square of successive differences, 6.42 vs. 1.87 ms; total power, 0.34 vs. 0.10 ms2; high frequency, 0.32 vs, -0.04 ms2; low frequency/high frequency, -0.09 vs. 0.01 ms2). Conclusion Aerobic exercise at the LT for 12 weeks is a practical method of improving body composition, aerobic performance, and ANS function for obese women.Background Growing evidence suggests links between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and metabolic disorders. We investigated the effects of SSBs commonly consumed by adolescents and their relationships to glucose metabolism and fatty liver. Methods We treated 7-week old male C57BL/6 mice with water (control) or one of three different SSBs, carbonated soda (Coca-Cola®), milk-sweetened milk coffee (Maxwell®), or chocolate-added cocoa (Choco-Latte®), for 13 weeks (n=10 in each group). Half of the animals were fed a regular chow diet and the other half a high-fat diet (40% fat). Body composition and biochemical variables were investigated at the end of treatment. Histology of the liver and adipose tissue, as well as molecular signaling related to glucose and lipid metabolism, were also evaluated. Results During the 13-week treatment, mice treated with chocolate-added cocoa or milk-sweetened coffee showed significantly greater increases in body weight compared with controls, especially when fed a high-fat diet. Fasting glucose level was higher in the three SSB-treated groups compared with the control group. Lipid droplets in the liver, fat cell size, and number of CD68-positive cells in adipose tissue were greater in the SSB-treated groups than in the control group. selleck inhibitor SSB treatments increased the expression of genes related to inflammatory processes in the liver and adipose tissue. Phosphorylation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase in muscle was significantly reduced in SSB-treated groups. Conclusion Daily consumption of SSBs over 3 months lead to metabolic impairment and weight gain and may contribute to development of metabolic diseases.Background Obesity is a serious public health problem that is growing alarmingly in every segment of the human population. The main objective of this study is to examine the current prevalence of overweight and obesity among Pakistani adults and to identify the sociodemographic factors that are associated with overweight and obesity. Methods Secondary data from a population-based household survey were used for this study. A total of 10,063 participants (3,916 men and 6,147 women) were included. Overweight and obese individuals were identified using the World Health Organization-recommended cutoffs for body mass index (kg/m2). Along with descriptive statistics, the Pearson chi-square test was used to investigate the association among categorical variables. Odds ratios (ORs) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to evaluate the most significantly associated risk factors for overweight/obesity. Results The mean age and body mass index of the participants were 38.20 years and 22.91 kg/m2, respectively. Overall, 22.8% of the participants (23.9% of the women and 21.1% of the men) were overweight, and 5.1% (6.3% of the women and 3.2% of the men) were obese. Sociodemographic factors, such as sex, marital status, and residential area, were significantly associated with body weight categories. Women (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.23- 1.47; P less then 0.01), ever-married individuals (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.70-2.16; P less then 0.01), and individuals living in urban areas (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12-1.35; P less then 0.01) were more likely to become overweight/obese than their counterparts. Conclusion We have found the excess weight problem to be quite high in the Pakistani adult population. The government and other health agencies should take initiatives in launching programs about nutritional awareness for adults to prevent obesity.
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