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The Southeast Missouri Lead District is among the most productive lead deposits exploited in modern times. Intensive mining conducted prior to regulations resulted in a legacy of lead contaminated soil, large piles of mine tailings and elevated childhood blood lead levels. This study seeks to identify the source of the lead contamination in the Big River and inform risk to the public. Isotopic analysis indicated the mine tailing piles at the head of the Big River are the primary source of the lead contamination. The isotopic signature of the lead in these mine tailings matched the lead over 100 km downstream. All of the other potential lead sources investigated had different isotopic signatures. Lead concentrations in soils and sediments decrease with distance downstream of the mine tailings piles. Additionally, the speciation of the lead changes from predominantly mineralized forms, such as galena, to adsorbed lead. This is reflected in the in-vitro bioaccessibility assay (IVBA) analysis which shows higher bioaccessibility further downstream, demonstrating the importance of speciation in risk evaluation.A unique automated planetary boundary layer (PBL) retrieval algorithm is proposed as a common cross-platform method for use with commercially available ceilometers for implementation under the redesigned U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations program. This algorithm addresses instrument signal quality and screens for precipitation and cloud layers before the implementation of the retrieval methodology using the Haar wavelet covariance transform method. Layer attribution for the PBL height is supported with the use of continuation and time-tracking parameters, and uncertainties are calculated for individual PBL height retrievals. Commercial ceilometer retrievals are tested against radiosonde PBL height and cloud-base height during morning and late afternoon transition times, critical to air quality model prediction and when retrieval algorithms struggle to identify PBL heights. A total of 58 radiosonde profiles were used and retrievals for nocturnal stable layers, residual layers and mixing layers were assessed. Overall good agreement was found for all comparisons with one system showing limitations for the cases of nighttime surface stable layers and daytime mixing layer. It is recommended that nighttime shallow stable layer retrievals be performed with a recommended minimum height or with additional verification. Retrievals of residual layer heights and mixing layer comparisons revealed overall good correlations to radiosonde heights (correlation coefficients, r2, ranging from 0.89 - 0.96 and bias ranging from ~ -131 to +63 m, and r2 from 0.88 - 0.97 and bias from -119 to +101 m, respectively).Storms strongly affect coral reefs; one unstudied but potentially important outcome may be a decrease in herbivory, presumably through changes to freshwater, sediment and nutrient influx. Algal turfs are sensitive early indicators of reef condition, and experimental evidence demonstrates low sediment loads and strong herbivory maintain short, healthy turf. While unknown, storms likely disrupt these controlling forces. We have observed storms that generate frequent, visible sediment plumes in Moorea, French Polynesia. To evaluate the effects of storms on herbivory, we conducted a set of field experiments manipulating herbivore access to naturally occurring turf under three rainfall regimes no rain, light rain, and heavy rain that generated a plume event. We found strong effects of herbivores except following the storm, indicating disruption of typically strong top-down control by herbivores on algal turfs. Further research into the underlying mechanisms is critical as storm intensities and watershed development increase in many tropical regions.The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the pretreatment methods and sampling time on the sampling of airborne bacteria in hospitals. Methods for the pretreatment of Andersen samplers, namely, non-sterilized, 75% ethanol and autoclaving sampled for 5 min, 10 min and 15 min in the general ward and class 1000 clean operating department, respectively, were studied. Statistical analysis was used to compare the differences in sampling results of airborne bacteria under different pretreatment methods, sampling time and environmental conditions. In the first test, the sampling results of the airborne bacteria obtained by pretreatment of the sampler with 75% ethanol and without pre-treatment were not very different, and the sampling results showed a certain declining trend with the extension of the sampling time. In the second test, the pretreatment effect of autoclaving was significantly better than that of 75% ethanol, and the sampling time had no effect on the sampling results. After removing the influencing factors of the environment, the results were consistent with the results of the second test. It was observed that the Andersen samplers should not be pretreated with 75% ethanol before airborne microbes sampling. The pretreatment should be carried out by autoclaving, and the sampling time has little effect on the sampling results.Underwater video is increasingly used to study aspects of the Great Lakes benthos including the abundance of round goby and dreissenid mussels. The introduction of these two species have resulted in major ecological shifts in the Great Lakes, but the species and their impacts have heretofore been underassessed due to limitations of monitoring methods. Underwater video (UVID) can "sample" hard bottom sites where grab samplers cannot. Efficient use of UVID data requires affordable and accurate classification and analysis tools. Deep Lake Explorer (DLE) is a web application developed to support crowdsourced classification of UVID collected in the Great Lakes. Volunteers (i.e., the crowd) used DLE to classify 199 videos collected in the Niagara River, Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario for the following attributes round goby, Dreissena, and aquatic vegetation presence, and dominant substrate type. Envonalkib price We compared DLE classification results to expert classification of the same videos to evaluate accuracy. Depending on the attribute, DLE had 77% (hard substrate) to 90% (vegetation presence) agreement with expert classification of videos.
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