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A circulator for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) based on a plasmonic two-wire transmission-line (TWTL) structure is experimentally realized. A TWTL offers two distinct plasmon modes that can be independently excited, solely determined by the polarization of the laser field. Through controlled superposition of the two modes, TWTLs are exploited to enable polarization-actuated plasmonic circulators. In the first demonstration, the coupling antennas to the plasmonic circulator are designed to circulate SPPs sensitive to linearly polarized excitation. In the second design, the circulator reacts to the spin angular momenta carried by circularly polarized laser excitations. In both cases, the SPP circulation directions are directly controlled by the laser polarization, and the number of ports is easily expandable. Experimentally, a wide optical operational bandwidth of ∼100 nm is achieved. The results show a major step toward the realization of multifunctioning photonic nanocircuitry.Shortages in the availability of personal protective face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic required many to fabricate masks and filter inserts from available materials. While the base filtration efficiency of a material is of primary importance when a perfect seal is possible, ideal fit is not likely to be achieved by the average person preparing to enter a public space or even a healthcare worker without fit-testing before each shift. Our findings suggest that parameters including permeability and pliability can play a strong role in the filtration efficiency of a mask fabricated with various filter media, and that the filtration efficiency of loosely fitting masks/respirators against ultrafine particulates can drop by more than 60% when worn compared to the ideal filtration efficiency of the base material. Further, a test method using SARS-CoV-2 virion-sized silica nanoaerosols is demonstrated to assess the filtration efficiency against nanoparticulates that follow air currents associated with mask leakage.Antiferromagnets host exotic quasiparticles, support high frequency excitations and are key enablers of the prospective spintronic and spin-orbitronic technologies. Here, we propose a concept of a curvilinear antiferromagnetism where material responses can be tailored by a geometrical curvature without the need to adjust material parameters. We show that an intrinsically achiral one-dimensional (1D) curvilinear antiferromagnet behaves as a chiral helimagnet with geometrically tunable Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) and orientation of the Néel vector. The curvature-induced DMI results in the hybridization of spin wave modes and enables a geometrically driven local minimum of the low-frequency branch. This positions curvilinear 1D antiferromagnets as a novel platform for the realization of geometrically tunable chiral antiferromagnets for antiferromagnetic spin-orbitronics and fundamental discoveries in the formation of coherent magnon condensates in the momentum space.Brain endothelial cells (BECs) hinder macromolecules from reaching brain parenchyma, necessitating the evaluation and engineering of therapeutic immunoglobulin γ (IgG) for improved brain delivery. Emerging fluorescent-based approaches to assess IgG brain exposure can expedite and complement current methods; however, alterations in IgG pharmacokinetics following fluorophore conjugation, which remain unexplained, indicate that conjugation may confound analysis of native IgG processing. Here, changes in transcytosis and intracellular processing of IgG conjugates (with sulfonated cyanine 5) were examined using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived BECs (iBECs). Above a critical degree of labeling, transcytosis rates increased significantly but could be attenuated by nonspecific protein competition. Concurrent increases in intracellular accumulation, which was not attributable to disrupted binding by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), are indicative of indirect reduction of FcRn-mediated recycling that agrees with reported aberrations in the pharmacokinetics of certain unconjugated IgGs. Overall, these findings support the notion that certain fluorophore-IgG conjugates can engage in adsorptive interactions with cell surface moieties, reminiscent of phenomena exhibited by cationized IgG, and provide in vitro criteria to identify changes in IgG processing following fluorophore conjugation.Time-reversal-symmetry-breaking Weyl semimetals (WSMs) have attracted great attention recently because of the interplay between intrinsic magnetism and topologically nontrivial electrons. Here, we present anomalous Hall and planar Hall effect studies on Co3Sn2S2 nanoflakes, a magnetic WSM hosting stacked Kagome lattice. The reduced thickness modifies the magnetic properties of the nanoflake, resulting in a 15-time larger coercive field compared with the bulk, and correspondingly modifies the transport properties. A 22% enhancement of the intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC), as compared to bulk material, was observed. A magnetic field-modulated AHC, which may be related to the changing Weyl point separation with magnetic field, was also found. Furthermore, we showed that the PHE in a hard magnetic WSM is a complex interplay between ferromagnetism, orbital magnetoresistance, and chiral anomaly. KU-57788 price Our findings pave the way for a further understanding of exotic transport features in the burgeoning field of magnetic topological phases.Electron and hole Bloch states in bilayer graphene exhibit topological orbital magnetic moments with opposite signs, which allows for tunable valley-polarization in an out-of-plane magnetic field. This property makes electron and hole quantum dots (QDs) in bilayer graphene interesting for valley and spin-valley qubits. Here, we show measurements of the electron-hole crossover in a bilayer graphene QD, demonstrating opposite signs of the magnetic moments associated with the Berry curvature. Using three layers of top gates, we independently control the tunneling barriers while tuning the occupation from the few-hole regime to the few-electron regime, crossing the displacement-field-controlled band gap. The band gap is around 25 meV, while the charging energies of the electron and hole dots are between 3 and 5 meV. The extracted valley g-factor is around 17 and leads to opposite valley polarization for electrons and holes at moderate B-fields. Our measurements agree well with tight-binding calculations for our device.
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