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Bio-mimetic functionality of catalytically active nano-silver utilizing Bos taurus (A-2) pee.
To identify relationships between animal, dietary and management factors and the resulting methane (CH4) emissions, and to identify potential mitigation strategies for CH4 production, it is vital to develop reliable and accurate CH4 measurement techniques. This review outlines various methods for measuring enteric CH4 emissions from ruminants such as respiration chambers (RC), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer, GreenFeed, sniffer method, ventilated hood, facemask, laser CH4 detector and portable accumulation chamber. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed. In general, RC, SF6 and ventilated hood are capable of 24 h continuous measurements for each individual animal, providing accurate reference methods used for research and inventory purposes. However, they require high labor input, animal training and are time consuming. In contrast, short-term measurement techniques (i.e., GreenFeed, sniffer method, facemask, laser CH4 detector and portable accumulation chamber) contain additional variations in timing and frequency of measurements obtained relative to the 24 h feeding cycle. However, they are suitable for large-scale measurements under commercial conditions due to their simplicity and high throughput. Successful use of these techniques relies on optimal matching between the objectives of the studies and the mechanism of each method with consideration of animal behavior and welfare. This review can provide useful information in selecting suitable techniques for CH4 emission measurement in ruminants.Hyperthermia has been used as an adjuvant treatment for radio- and chemotherapy for decades. In addition to its effects on perfusion and oxygenation of cancer tissues, hyperthermia can enhance the efficacy of DNA-damaging treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Although it is believed that the adjuvant effects are based on hyperthermia-induced dysfunction of DNA repair systems, the mechanisms of these dysfunctions remain elusive. Here, we propose that elevated temperatures can induce chromatin trapping (c-trapping) of essential factors, particularly those involved in DNA repair, and thus enhance the sensitization of cancer cells to DNA-damaging therapeutics. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we identified proteins that could potentially undergo c-trapping in response to hyperthermia. Functional analyses of several identified factors involved in DNA repair demonstrated that c-trapping could indeed be a mechanism of hyperthermia-induced transient deficiency of DNA repair systems. Based on our proteomics data, we showed for the first time that hyperthermia could inhibit maturation of Okazaki fragments and activate a corresponding poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent DNA damage response. Together, our data suggest that chromatin trapping of factors involved in DNA repair and replication contributes to heat-induced radio- and chemosensitization.Probiotic-host interaction can be cell-to-cell or through metabolite production. Dead (inactive) organisms could interact with the host, leading to local effects and possible health benefits. This research examined the effects of live and heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12 (BB-12) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on cultured Caco-2 cells focusing on epithelial integrity and production of inflammatory mediators. Live organisms increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), a barrier-integrity marker, with LGG having a greater effect than BB-12. When mildly heat-treated, both organisms had a more modest effect on TEER than when alive. When they were heat-inactivated, both organisms had only a limited effect on TEER. Neither live nor heat-inactivated organisms affected production of six inflammatory mediators produced by Caco-2 cells compared to control conditions. Pre-treatment with heat-inactivated LGG or BB-12 did not alter the decline in TEER caused by exposure to an inflammatory cocktail of cytokines. However, pre-treatment of Caco-2 cells with heat-inactivated organisms alone or their combination decreased the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and vascular endothelial growth factor. To conclude, while the live organisms improve the epithelial barrier using this model, neither live nor heat-inactivated organisms directly elicit an inflammatory response by the epithelium. Pre-treatment with heat-inactivated BB-12 or LGG can reduce some components of the response induced by an inflammatory stimulus.The Chernobyl accident in 1986 spread ionizing radiation over extensive areas of Belarus and Ukraine, leading to adverse health effects in exposed children. More than 30 years later, exposed children have grown and became parents themselves. This retrospective study from Israel was aimed to evaluate whether Chernobyl-exposed women are at higher risk for adverse reproductive outcomes. Exposed immigrants were identified as high or low exposure based on Caesium-137 soil contamination levels registered in the town they lived in. The exposed group was age matched with three comparison groups non-exposed immigrant women from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) excluding Belarus and the Ukraine, immigrants from other countries (Non FSU) and Israeli-born women at a ratio of 110. Chernobyl-exposed women were more likely to be nulliparous and have fewer children (2.1 + 0.8 vs. 3.1 + 1.8, p less then 0.001), were more likely to undergo fertility treatments (8.8% vs. 5.8%, adjusted OR = 1.8, 95%CI 1.04-3.2, p = 0.036), and were also more likely to have anemia after delivery (49.4% vs. 36.6%, OR = 1.7, 95%CI 1.2-2.3, p = 0.001), compared to women in the combined comparison groups. The overall fertility of Chernobyl-exposed women seems to be reduced as reflected by the lower number of children and their greater need for fertility treatments.The number, position, and configuration of double bonds in lipids affect membrane fluidity and the recruitment of signaling proteins. Studies on mammalian sphingolipids have focused on those with a saturated sphinganine or mono-unsaturated sphingosine long chain base. Using high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we observed a marked accumulation of lipids containing a di-unsaturated sphingadiene base in the hippocampus of mice lacking the metabolic enzyme sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2). selleck chemical The double bonds were localized to positions C4-C5 and C14-C15 of sphingadiene using ultraviolet photodissociation-tandem mass spectrometry (UVPD-MS/MS). Phosphorylation of sphingoid bases by sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) or SphK2 forms the penultimate step in the lysosomal catabolism of all sphingolipids. Both SphK1 and SphK2 phosphorylated sphinga-4,14-diene as efficiently as sphingosine, however deuterated tracer experiments in an oligodendrocyte cell line demonstrated that ceramides with a sphingosine base are more rapidly metabolized than those with a sphingadiene base.
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