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[The function and also system involving proteins within controlling hepatic carbs and glucose as well as lipid metabolism].
Under nitrogen starvation, most legume plants form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria. The bacteria induce the formation of a novel organ called the nodule in which rhizobia reside as intracellular symbionts and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. During this symbiosis, miRNAs are essential for coordinating the various plant processes required for nodule formation and function. miRNAs are non-coding, endogenous RNA molecules, typically 20-24 nucleotides long, that negatively regulate the expression of their target mRNAs. Some miRNAs can move systemically within plant tissues through the vascular system, which mediates, for example, communication between the stem/leaf tissues and the roots. In this review, we summarize the growing number of miRNAs that function during legume nodulation focusing on two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, and two important legume crops, soybean (Glycine max) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). This regulation impacts a variety of physiological processes including hormone signaling and spatial regulation of gene expression. The role of mobile miRNAs in regulating legume nodule number is also highlighted. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] disorders are frequent in patients diagnosed with essential tremor (ET). The present review focuses on sleep disorders and the results of polysomnographic studies performed in patients with ET. For this purpose we performed a systematic review crossing the search term "essential tremor" with "sleep", "sleep disorders", "sleep disturbances" and "polysomnography", and with specific sleep disorders, according to the International Classification of the Sleep Disorders-Third Edition, using the PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Sciences Databases. The most frequent sleep problems reported by ET patients were the bad quality of sleep and excessive daytime somnolence (the latter could be related to drugs commonly used for the treatment of ET). Probable REM sleep behaviour disorder, coexistent restless legs syndrome, insomnia, and nocturia were not infrequent complaints, while the presence of other sleep disorders in ET patients was restricted to anecdotal reports or not described. Meta-analyses of previous reports showed that ET patients (according to the PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines) showed higher scores in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale than controls, and lower scores than those of patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Studies using polysomnography in ET patients are scarce and do not permit to establish valid conclusions regarding polysomnographic features in this disorder. © Sleep Research Society 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] Kidney-infiltrating immune cells can contribute to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN). We investigated the immunological characteristics of CD11c+ macrophages and their functions associated with the pathogenesis of LN. METHODS CD11c+ macrophages were examined in the urine samples of patients with LN. Phenotypic markers and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels were analysed by flow cytometry. To determine the origin of urinary macrophages, peripheral monocytes were treated with sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The pathogenic role of CD11c+ macrophages in tubulointerstitial damage was investigated using SLE sera-treated monocytes and HK-2 cells. RESULTS Urinary CD11c+ macrophages expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1β, and resembled infiltrated monocytes rather than tissue-resident macrophages with respect to surface marker expression. CD11c+ macrophages had high expression levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, which were correlated with cognate chemokine IP-10 expression in urinary tubular epithelial cells. When treated with sera from SLE patients, peripheral monocytes acquired the morphological and functional characteristics of urinary CD11c+ macrophages, which was blocked by DNase treatment. Finally, SLE sera-treated monocytes induced fibronectin expression, apoptosis and cell detachment in HK-2 cells via production of IL-6. CONCLUSION CD11c+ macrophages may be involved in the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial injury in LN. Dyngo-4a in vitro © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] OBJECTIVES Sleep disturbances are common and associated with negative functional and health consequences in children with neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders (NNDDs), and represent an important potential target for behavioral interventions. This systematic review examined the efficacy of behavioral sleep interventions (BSIs) for children with NNDDs and comorbid sleep disturbances. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and CENTRAL was conducted in April 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of BSI for children with NNDDS were included. Meta-analysis and GRADE quality ratings were performed on sleep and secondary functional outcomes (cognition, academics, behavior). RESULTS Nine RCTs were identified (n=690; Mage=8.39±2.64years; 71.11% male). Largely moderate level evidence for post-treatment improvements in sleep were found on (i) subjectively reported sleep disturbances (total sleep disturbance [SMD=0.89], night wakings [SMD=0.52], bedtime resistance [SMD=0.53], parasomess on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] Gonorrhea, caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is a globally prevalent sexually transmitted infection. The dynamics of gonococcal population biology have been poorly defined due to a lack of resolution in strain typing methods. METHODS In this study, we assess how the core genome can be used to improve our understanding of gonococcal population structure compared with current typing schemes. RESULTS A total of 1668 loci were identified as core to the gonococcal genome. These were organized into a core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme (N gonorrhoeae cgMLST v1.0). A clustering algorithm using a threshold of 400 allelic differences between isolates resolved gonococci into discrete and stable core genome groups, some of which persisted for multiple decades. These groups were associated with antimicrobial genotypes and non-overlapping NG-STAR and NG-MAST sequence types. The MLST-STs were more widely distributed among core genome groups. CONCLUSIONS Clustering with cgMLST identified globally distributed, persistent, gonococcal lineages improving understanding of the population biology of gonococci and revealing its population structure.
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