Notes

An amalgamated Genetic make-up factor in which capabilities as a maintainer essential for epigenetic bequest of heterochromatin.
However, there were less hypoglycemic events and weight gain in the DPP4 inhibitor group as compared with the SU group (random-effect RR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.53-9.39;
<0.001; I
=98.2 and weighted mean difference, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.07-2.29;
<0.001; I
=94.7, respectively).

As add-on therapy to metformin, there were no significant differences in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality between DPP4 inhibitors and SUs.
As add-on therapy to metformin, there were no significant differences in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality between DPP4 inhibitors and SUs.
The Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis (KSoLA) has published the Dyslipidemia Fact Sheets in Korea 2020 to provide an overview of magnitude and management status of dyslipidemia and their recent trends therein.

The Fact Sheets were based on the analyses of Korean adults aged 20 years or older of the 2007-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the 2002-2018 National Health Insurance Big Data (NHI-BD).

Between 2007 and 2018, the crude prevalence of hypercholesterolemia increased from 9.0% to 20.7%. During the same period, its management rate also improved yet remained unsatisfactory. In 2018, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 45.6% in men and 31.3% in women, which increased with older age and presence of metabolic abnormalities. Indeed, the number of people diagnosed with dyslipidemia has increased nearly 8-fold from 1.5 million in 2002 to 11.6 million in 2018; alongside, the number of people receiving pharmacological treatment for dyslipidemia has also risen. Of the 7.7 million people treated for dyslipidemia in 2018, statin accounted for the majority (91.8%) of lipid-lowering drug prescriptions, followed by ezetimibe (14.6%), fibrate (8.5%), and omega-3 acid (5.9%). The most frequently used combination therapy was statin plus ezetimibe, accounting for 72% of dual therapy prescriptions.

Dyslipidemia continues to impose a substantial disease burden in Korea. Both healthcare practitioners and patients need to actively adopt guideline-recommended lifestyle modification and pharmacological treatment for comprehensive, timely, and sustained management.
Dyslipidemia continues to impose a substantial disease burden in Korea. Both healthcare practitioners and patients need to actively adopt guideline-recommended lifestyle modification and pharmacological treatment for comprehensive, timely, and sustained management.Dyslipidemia is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases which represent a leading cause of death in humans. Diverse immune cells are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Conversely, dyslipidemia is known to be tightly associated with immune disorders in humans, as evidenced by a higher incidence of atherosclerosis in patients with autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Given that the dyslipidemia-related autoimmune diseases are caused by autoreactive T cells and B cells, dyslipidemia seems to directly or indirectly regulate the adaptive immunity. Indeed, accumulating evidence has unveiled that proatherogenic factors can impact the differentiation and function of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells. This review discusses an updated overview on the regulation of adaptive immunity by dyslipidemia and proposes a potential therapeutic strategy for immune disorders by targeting lipid metabolism.Compelling studies have established that the gut microbiome is a modifier of metabolic health. Changes in the composition of the gut microbiome are influenced by genetics and the environment, including diet. Iron is a potential node of crosstalk between the host-microbe relationship and metabolic disease. Although iron is well characterized as a frequent traveling companion of metabolic disease, the role of iron is underappreciated because the mechanisms of iron's influence on host metabolism are poorly characterized. Both iron deficiency and excessive amounts leading to iron overload can have detrimental effects on cardiometabolic health. Optimal iron homeostasis is critical for regulation of host immunity and metabolism in addition to regulation of commensal and pathogenic enteric bacteria. In this article we review evidence to support the notion that altering composition of the gut microbiome may be an important route via which iron impacts cardiometabolic health. We discuss reshaping of the microbiome by iron, the physiological significance and the potential for therapeutic interventions.Circulation is required for the delivery of oxygen and nutrition to tissues and organs, as well as waste collection. Therefore, the heart and vessels develop first during embryogenesis. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood cells, which originate from the mesoderm. The gene expression pattern required for blood vessel development is predetermined by the hierarchical and sequential regulation of genes for the differentiation of mesodermal cells. selleck kinase inhibitor Herein, we review how blood vessels form distinctly in different tissues or organs of zebrafish and how vessel formation is universally or tissue-specifically regulated by signal transduction pathways and blood flow. In addition, the unsolved issues of mutual contacts and interplay of circulatory organs during embryogenesis are discussed.Adipose tissue is composed of diverse cell types and plays a major role in energy homeostasis and inflammation at the local and systemic levels. Adipose tissue serves as the main site for vitamin D storage and is among the most important extraskeletal targets of vitamin D which can modulate multiple aspects of adipose tissue biology. Vitamin D may exert inhibitory or stimulatory effects on adipocyte differentiation depending on cell type, stage of differentiation, and the treatment time point. Moreover, vitamin D controls energy metabolism in adipose tissue by affecting fatty acid oxidation, expression of uncoupling proteins, insulin resistance, and adipokine production. Adipose tissue inflammation can have a significant impact on the metabolic disorders often associated with obesity, and vitamin D can modulate the inflammatory response of immune cells and adipocytes within the adipose tissue. This review discusses the role of adipose tissue in vitamin D metabolism, as well as the regulatory role of vitamin D in adipocyte differentiation, adipose tissue energy metabolism, and inflammation, thereby providing insights into the importance of vitamin D in adipose tissue biology.
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