Notes

Number Safeguard Proteins: Two Anti-microbial as well as Immunomodulatory Motion.
Worldwide, the prevalence of dementia is increasing and diet as a modifiable factor could play a role. Meat consumption has been cross-sectionally associated with dementia risk, but specific amounts and types related to risk of incident dementia remain poorly understood.

We aimed to investigate associations between meat consumption and risk of incident dementia in the UK Biobank cohort.

Meat consumption was estimated using a short dietary questionnaire at recruitment and repeated 24-h dietary assessments. Incident all-cause dementia comprising Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) was identified by electronic linkages to hospital and mortality records. HRs for each meat type in relation to each dementia outcome were estimated in Cox proportional hazard models. Interactions between meat consumption and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele were additionally explored.

Among 493,888 participants included, 2896 incident cases of all-cause dementia, 1006 cases of AD, and 490 cases of VD were idt processed-meat consumption as a potential risk factor for incident dementia, independent of the APOE ε4 allele.
To assess the ability of ultrasound to predict successful tapering and successful discontinuation of biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) at 2-year follow-up in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in sustained remission.

Patients in sustained remission (DAS28-CRP≤2.6) and no radiographic progression the previous year tapered bDMARD according to a standardized regime. One-hundred-and-nineteen of these patients were included in this ultrasound sub-study. At baseline, clinical assessment, MRI, x-ray and ultrasound of 24 joints were performed. Ultrasound-detected synovitis was defined and scored 0-3 using the Outcome in Rheumatology (OMERACT) scoring system at joint level for both greyscale and Doppler activity. Sum scores for each ultrasound modality were calculated for 24 joints at patient level. Final state of treatment was assessed after 2 years. The predictive value of ultrasound measures for successful tapering and discontinuation at 2-year follow-up was assessed via logistic regre increase in Doppler sum score. Ultrasound could not predict successful tapering.
Inflammation plays an important role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. The NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributes to the development of atherosclerosis in animal models. Components of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway such as interleukin-1β can therapeutically be targeted. Associations of genetically determined inflammasome-mediated systemic inflammation with CVD and mortality in humans are unknown.

We explored the association of genetic NLRP3 variants with prevalent CVD and cardiovascular mortality in 538167 subjects on the individual participant level in an explorative gene-centric approach without performing multiple testing. Functional relevance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been evaluated in monocyte-enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Genetic analyses identified the highly prevalent (minor allele frequency 39.9%) intronic NLRP3 variant rs10754555 to affect NLRP3 gene expression. rs10754555 carriers showed signifmasome activation, prevalent coronary artery disease, and mortality. This study provides evidence for a substantial role of genetically driven systemic inflammation in CVD and highlights the NLRP3 inflammasome as a therapeutic target.
To identify and summarise the efficacy and safety of systemic glucocorticoids (GC) and local injections of GC in spondyloarthritis (SpA).

PubMed (Medline) and EMBASE were searched with predefined keywords and relevant articles in English reporting RCTs, non-randomized and observational studies on efficacy of GC in SpA, with 5 or more patients, were included in the systematic literature review (SLR). Local injections of GC included intra-articular (IA) and entheseal injections, but excluded sacroiliac joint injections.

Out of 9657 records, there were 14 studies on use of systemic GC in SpA (364 patients); including two RCTs of oral prednisolone. On pooling data from two placebo-controlled RCTs (≤ 24 weeks), BASDAI50 was 4.2 times more likely (95% CI 1.5 to 11.5) and ASAS 20 twice more likely (95% CI 1.1 to 3.64) to occur in patients on high-dose oral prednisolone (± taper). Pulse GC led to dramatic improvements that lasted a few weeks to a few months. There were no deaths or major AEs. There were 10 studies (560 patients) on local GC in SpA. IA injection were effective with sustained response in 51.5 to 90% joints at 6 months. Entheseal injections led to reduced pain and improved ultrasound parameters.

There were limited studies on both systemic and local injections of GC in SpA. However, there was good evidence of efficacy with use of high-dose systemic GC in the short term (≤ 6 months) in SpA. Intra-articular or entheseal injections seemed safe and effective.
There were limited studies on both systemic and local injections of GC in SpA. BRD0539 in vivo However, there was good evidence of efficacy with use of high-dose systemic GC in the short term (≤ 6 months) in SpA. Intra-articular or entheseal injections seemed safe and effective.The eye and brain share common mechanisms of aging and disease, thus the retina is an essential source of accessible information about neurodegenerative processes occurring in the brain. Advances in retinal imaging have led to the discovery of many potential biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, although further research is needed to validate these associations. Understanding the mechanisms of retinal disease in the context of aging will extend our knowledge of AD and may enable advancements in diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment.Dry deposition of ozone is an important sink of ozone in near surface air. When dry deposition occurs through plant stomata, ozone can injure the plant, altering water and carbon cycling and reducing crop yields. Quantifying both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake accurately is relevant for understanding ozone's impact on human health as an air pollutant and on climate as a potent short-lived greenhouse gas and primary control on the removal of several reactive greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Robust ozone dry deposition estimates require knowledge of the relative importance of individual deposition pathways, but spatiotemporal variability in nonstomatal deposition is poorly understood. Here we integrate understanding of ozone deposition processes by synthesizing research from fields such as atmospheric chemistry, ecology, and meteorology. We critically review methods for measurements and modeling, highlighting the empiricism that underpins modeling and thus the interpretation of observations. Our unprecedented synthesis of knowledge on deposition pathways, particularly soil and leaf cuticles, reveals process understanding not yet included in widely-used models.
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