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Selenium (Se) shows biologically ambivalent characteristics in animals. It is an essential element but becomes severely toxic when the amount ingested exceeds the adequate intake level. Animals must be able to metabolize the various selenocompounds in meat, fish and vegetables to utilize Se for selenoprotein synthesis. It is known that the biological, nutritional, and toxicological effects of Se are strongly dependent on its chemical form. First, we evaluated the nutritional availability of nine naturally occurring Se compounds, or the so-called bioselenocompounds, in vivo. Second, we evaluated that gut microflora might contributes to the Se nutritional availability. Se is mainly excreted into urine. However, a substantial amount of Se was secreted into bile although Se was hardly detected in feces. Third, we evaluated the biological significance of biliary secretion of Se in terms of mineral nutrition. selleck products Finally, we discussed the entire Se metabolism in gut contributing to Se homeostasis in animal.The intestine is exposed to a variety of exogenous materials that are harmful, harmless, or useful, such as pathogenic viruses and bacteria, intestinal bacteria, or food components. As such, the intestinal immune system is important for the regulation of immunological homeostasis and biological defense. Accumulating evidence indicates that gut environmental factors, such as dietary components and intestinal bacteria are critical for controlling intestinal immunity, and thereby, health and disease. Among the important dietary components are fatty acids, which are metabolized to lipid mediators that act as signaling molecules and regulate immune responses. In previous work, we identified lipid mediators derived from ω3 fatty acids, such as 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, and 14-hydroxydocosapentaenoic acid, which show potent anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, we revealed that lipid mediators play key roles in the enhancement of intestinal Immunoglobulin A responses, which provide the first line of defense against viral and bacterial infectious diseases. Here, we review the anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and host-protective effects of lipid mediators mainly derived from dietary lipids.trans-Fatty acids (TFAs), including elaidic acid and linoelaidic acid, are unsaturated fatty acids that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in trans configuration. TFAs are not synthesized in the human body, but are taken into the body from various foods, which are mainly produced during industrial food manufacturing. Recent epidemiological studies have revealed that TFA consumption is a major risk factor for various disorders, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, allergic diseases, and dementia. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of TFA-related disorders and the specific molecular targets evoking TFA toxicity are largely unknown. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which TFAs cause the cytotoxicity, we focused on cell death and inflammation, which are the main and common pathogenesis of the TFA-related diseases, and analyzed the effects of TFAs on cellular responses to various stimulations inducing cell death and inflammation. This review provides recent progress in our studies on the molecular mechanisms causing toxic actions of TFAs, which lead to diverse TFA-related disorders.Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in blood coagulation and bone formation. Vitamin K has homologues due to differences in the side chain structure, phylloquinone (abbreviated as vitamin K1, PK) having a phytyl side chain and menaquinones (MK-n, n=1 to 14) having an isoprenoid side chain structure. The main vitamin K that we take from our daily diet is PK, and a fermented food, natto, contains MK-7 produced by Bacillus subtilis natto. However, the majority of vitamin K present in the tissues of mammals, including humans, is menaquinone-4 (abbreviated as vitamin K2, MK-4) having a geranylgeranyl side chain. This reason is that PK or MK-n obtained in the diet is converted into MK-4 in the body. We identified that the UbiA prenyltransferase domain containing protein 1 (UBIAD1) is the conversion enzyme of PK and MK-n to MK-4. The physiological roles of MK-4 in all tissues of the whole body and the physiological significance of MK-4 converted from PK and MK-n by UBIAD1 have not been sufficiently elucidated yet. To investigate the function of UBIAD1 in vivo, we generated UBIAD1 systemic knockout mice and tissue-specific UBIAD1 knockout mice. In this paper, we introduce the usefulness of vitamin K for diseases that may involve vitamin K and UBIAD1.Although the concept of a drug delivery system (DDS) is usually applied to conventional drug therapy, it is also important for cell-based therapy. The surface manipulation of living cells represents a powerful tool for controlling cell behaviors in the body, such as enhancement of cell-cell interactions, targeted delivery of cells, and protection from immunological rejection. Functional groups, including amines, thiols, and carbonyls, offer excellent opportunities for chemical modification through the formation of covalent bonds with exogenous molecules. Non-natural reactive groups introduced by metabolic labeling were recently utilized for targeted chemical modification. On the other hand, noncovalent strategies are also available; two major examples are electrostatic interaction with a negative charge on the cell surface and hydrophobic insertion or interaction with the cell membrane. In this study, we analyzed factors affecting cell surface modifications using PEG-lipid and succeeded in enhancing the efficacy of modification by cyclodextrin. Then, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), whose therapeutic effect has been demonstrated at the clinical stage and which have been clinically used as a drug, were decorated with PEG-lipid conjugates having a targeted ligand such as peptide or scFv, which are recognized by ICAM1. The peptide or scFv decoration enhanced the cell adhesion of MSCs on cytokine treated-endothelial cells. This technique will prompt the targeted delivery of MSCs to intended therapy sites, and underscores the promise of cell surface engineering as a tool for improving cell-based therapy.
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