Notes

Molluscicides contrary to the snail-intermediate web host of Schistosoma: an evaluation.
Background The International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the most important International Document for recognizing the rights of persons with disabilities, including the right to health and rehabilitation. Islamic Republic Iran acceded to the Convention in 2008, but still has a long way to go to achieve its desired status and in line with the objectives of the convention. This study aimed to identify the barriers to the implementation of articles 25 and 26 of the CRPD in Iran. Methods This study was performed using conventional content analysis. Twenty-one individuals were recruited by purposive sampling with maximum variation and were continued until saturation. Data were gathered through in-depth, semi-structured interviews from June 2018 to May 2019. MAXQDA version 10 was used for analyzing data. Results The resulting data analysis yielded 860 initial or open codes. The concepts were categorized into 27 subcategories and 7 categories. Main categories were included "Structure inefficiency", "lack of comprehensive rehabilitation program", "inadequate awareness", "neglected economy of people with disabilities", "weak access to services", "cultural challenges" and "disregard for new technologies". Conclusion The findings showed that the executive structures in the country have a lot of problems with health and rehabilitation programs for people with disabilities. It seems understanding the barriers to implementation of articles 25 and 26 of the international CRPD empowers officials in the field and improve services by providing a better view of the disabled. Nevertheless, it is recommended for policymakers to consider rehabilitation as a main element of the health system.Background The emergence of drug-resistant strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been increasingly reported. Therefore, attempts to discover new antiviral agents in particular from natural compounds are required. In this study, we evaluated the possible inhibitory effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Sambucus ebulus (S. ebulus ) against HSV-1. Methods S. ebulus extract was produced by maceration method. MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity effects of the S. ebulus extract; also, antiviral effects were measured both by test TCID50 and quantitative real-time PCR methods. To study the inhibitory impact of S. ebulus extract on the expression of HSV-1 antigens, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was also performed. All analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism software v. 7.0. Results In the postexposure assay of HSV-1 with S. ebulus extract at the highest nontoxic concentration (75 μg/mL), S. Terephthalic purchase ebulus extract led to 2.6 log10 TCID50 reduction in infectious virus titer. At the highest nontoxic concentration, the S. ebulus extract led to inhibition rates of 91.2%, based on the quantitative real-time PCR assay results (p less then 0.001). Also, in the immunofluorescence assay, a significant reduction was observed in fluorescence emission intensity in HSV-1-infected cell treated with S. ebulus extract compared to the control group. Conclusion S. ebulus extract is a novel and effective natural compound in reducing HSV-1 titer and future studies should be conducted to discover the complete mechanism of antiviral effect of this natural compound.Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents. There is a controversy over the true prevalence of ADHD in Iran, the knowledge of which is crucial for allocating health care resources and identifying research priorities. This is an updated systematic review of the prevalence of ADHD in Iranian children and adolescents. Methods For this systematic review, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, IranPsych, IranMedex, Irandoc, Google Scholar, and grey literature were reached for publications between January 1990 and December 2018 that reported prevalence estimates of ADHD in Iran. Parallel independent assessments were conducted. The Quality Assessment Checklist for Prevalence Studies was used to assess the overall quality of studies. Results A total of 34 original studies covering 33 621 Iranian children, adolescents, and adults were included. The included studies were mostly conducted on the population of preschool, elementary, middle, and high school-aged children as well as adolescents. Also, 6 studies addressed university students. Prevalence estimates of ADHD reported varied substantially across the studies and offered a range of heterogeneous data. Conclusion Overall, making exact comparisons among studies was not easy because the assessment method and the type of sampling could impact prevalence estimates. These factors need to be considered when comparing data from different studies.Background There is sparse information to describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods In a single-center retrospective observational study, 50 patients infected with COVID-19 were studied. Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and treatment data were collected and analyzed. Outcomes of critically ill patients and noncritically ill patients were compared. Results The mean age of the patients was 48.8 years, with male predominance. Dry cough, fever, and dyspnea were the most complaining symptoms on admission. Chronic medical illnesses before admission were present in 56% of the patients. The most common laboratory abnormalities were lymphopenia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, increased aspartate aminotransferase, high serum creatinine level, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, and increasing ESR and CRP levels. Bilateral mixed ground-glass opacity and consolidation were observed in chest CT scan of most patients. Some patients required supplemental oxygen and some needed invasive mechanical ventilation. Blood oxygen saturation was different between survivors and nonsurvivors. 10% of patients died, of whom 60% were men. 40% of dead cases had chronic medical illnesses; 60% underwent invasive mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Among the patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, the frequent clinical presentation was with a wide range of signs and symptoms. The laboratory changes suggest that COVID-19 infection may be related to cellular immune deficiency, myocardial, hepatic, and kidney injury. Additional research is needed to elucidate COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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