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Superior corrosion necessary protein items result in apoptosis along with block epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition inside crypt epithelial tissue.
Especially in more sophisticated cases extensive knowledge of drug interactions supports optimisation of therapy and results in improved patient safety.PURPOSE The pathology of the facial nerve is extremely varied and extensive knowledge of the surgical anatomy in different approaches is required to manage it. During the last 15 years, the development of endoscopic ear surgery has significantly changed anatomical concepts, introducing new surgical approaches. The aim of this review is to illustrate five different surgical approaches to the facial nerve the endoscopic approach, the middle cranial fossa approach, two translabyrinthine approaches (one simple and one endoscopic-assisted) with decompression of the whole petrous portion of the facial nerve, and a transotic approach with temporal craniotomy. METHODS Representative cases of middle and/or inner ear pathologies, surgically treated at our ENT Department, were selected to illustrate each of the five different approaches involving the facial nerve throughout its course. RESULTS In all cases, the pathology was removed with effective decompression of the facial nerve. The surgical anatomy in each surgical approach is described and illustrated. CONCLUSIONS Facial nerve surgery is challenging for ENT specialists. An excellent knowledge of facial nerve anatomy is needed to eradicate pathology, avoiding nerve injuries and providing a good outcome after surgery.PURPOSE Scar contracture commonly refers to decreased function in the scar area, whereas scar contraction refers to shortening of the scar length compared to the original wound. Wound scar remodeling occurs during months to years of wound healing to form a mature scar. Serial reports about patients who had undergone adenoidectomy are rare. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate some parameters of air way passage in patients who had undergone post adenoidectomy. METHODS Data of patients who have undergone adenoidectomy between 2000 and 2002 in our hospital were obtained. A total of 154 head and neck CT scans from an adenoidectomy group and a control group were analyzed. click here We measured lengths of several areas, including the width of posterior wall of nasopharynx, the widest diameter in the upper air way, the length between both Eustachian tubes, the length between both pharyngeal recesses, and the anterior to posterior diameter of the nasopharynx. This study was approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery of Catholic University (approval number UC18RESI0130). RESULTS There were significant differences in the following parameters between the two groups the width of posterior wall of nasopharynx and the length between both pharyngeal recesses. CONCLUSION Extensive removal of soft tissue or injured muscle layer during surgery might be one of the reasons for the narrowing of airway. Keeping in mind not to make much injury the soft tissue or muscles during adenoidectomy is very important for the long-term outcome of this surgery.PURPOSE Treatment for necrotizing otitis externa (NOE) includes long term antibiotic and surgery in selected cases. Indications and extent of surgery, however, are still not defined. The aims of this study were (1) present our experience in surgery for NOE (2) compare high-resolution computer tomography and perioperative findings (3) suggest recommendations for indications and extent of surgery. METHODS A retrospective case series study was conducted in a tertiary referral center. Patients hospitalized due to NOE between the years 1990-2015 and underwent surgery were included. RESULTS Twenty patients were included in the study. HRTBCT was performed in 17 patients. Most common radiological findings included mastoid fullness (n = 13, 76.4%) and edema of external ear canal (n = 12, 70.5%). Surgical indications included lack of response to treatment (n = 18) and facial nerve palsy (n = 2). Seven patients underwent local debridement. Most common operative findings included soft tissue necrosis (n = 4, 57.1%) and gross bony destruction of the external ear canal (n = 2, 28.5%). Thirteen patients underwent tympanomastoid surgery. Most common operative findings included granulation tissue in the mastoid (n = 7, 53.8%) and mastoid bony erosion (n = 4, 30.7%). Facial canal involvement was seen in four patients (30.7%). CONCLUSION This is the first study to describe a large group of surgically treated NOE. Initial surgical approach should be based on clinical and HRTBCT findings. Minimal HRTBCT findings may be addressed with local debridement. Severe HRTBCT findings should be addressed with canal wall up mastoidectomy as the minimal surgical procedure. Further extent should be decided based on perioperative findings.PURPOSE Morbidity due to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is increased mostly due to lymph node (LN) metastases, which lead to reoperations and complications associated with these operations. The aim is to compare the outcomes of PTC having total thyroidectomy and prophylactic central lymph node dissection (TT + PCND) with patients having total thyroidectomy (TT) alone. METHODS This study is a retrospective cohort analysis of 358 PTC patients that were operated by a single surgeon in a single center. Data about the patients were extracted from the medical records. RESULTS Of the patient cohort, 258 patients had TT + PCND (42.5 ± 11.3 years) and 100 patients (41.2 ± 11.9 years) had only TT. Total number of LN extracted in the TT + PCND group was 8.1 ± 6.9. The mean number of metastatic LN were 2.2 ± 1.9. Percentage of patients that had RAI were less in the TT + PCND group compared to the TT group. Seven patients (2.7%) in the TT + PCND group and 19 (19.0%) in TT group had recurrent disease (p  less then  0.0001). Of the complications, only transient hypoparathyroidism was increased in TT + PCND group compared to TT group (26.7% vs 10%, p  less then  0.0001). CONCLUSION TT + PCND performed by an experienced surgeon seems to decrease the number of LN recurrences, and the need for reoperations.
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