Notes

Moral methods as well as psychopathic characteristics.
A prospective study and technique description.

This study introduced a method for posterior cervical pedicle screw placement by using the bilateral posterior lamina nutrient foramens as the entry point.

Firstly, 30 dry C3-C7 vertebrae specimens were harvested for measurement. The lamina nutrient foramens were used as the entry points for posterior cervical pedicle screw placement and four linear and two angle parameters were obtained from a computed tomography scan(CT). Then, 60 patients who underwent C3-C7 pedicle screw fixation using this method were included, linear and angle parameters were obtained from a postoperative CT.

The average incidences of lamina nutrient foramen on the C3-C7 specimens were 88.3%, 90.0%, 95.0%, 95.0%, and 96.7%, respectively. The distances from the entry point to the pedicle screw tip (OD), the pedicle transverse angles (α), and the pedicle sagittal angles (β) measure for the entry points from C3-C7 were 28.74±3.45-30.15±2.01mm, 26.88±6.89° to 32.72±5.91°, and 12.48±9.31° to 19.71±8.45°, respectively, with no significant differences between the left and right sides. In the 60 patients who underwent surgery, the lengths of the pedicle screws (PL) were 28.34±2.25-30.15±2.31mm, the pedicle transverse angles (α) were 26.89±6.86° to 32.36±5.65°, and the pedicle sagittal angles (β) were 12.49±9.11° to 20.06±8.91°. The new method had a 96.8% (454/469) success rate among these patients, with no screws penetrating the spinal canal or signs of vertebral artery injury.

Entry at the bilateral lamina nutrient foramen represents an alternative posterior cervical pedicle screw placement technique that is feasible and safe.
Entry at the bilateral lamina nutrient foramen represents an alternative posterior cervical pedicle screw placement technique that is feasible and safe.
Brain tumors often become clinically evident during pregnancy; however, the mechanism has not been well elucidated. Purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of molecular genetic factors on the progression of brain tumors during pregnancy or the postpartum period.

Twelve cases of brain tumors that presented during pregnancy or postpartum period were included five gliomas, three meningiomas, two vestibular schwannomas, and two chordomas. Androgen Receptor antagonist Tumor samples were investigated by metaphase comparative genomic hybridization and immunohistochemistry, for chromosomal copy number aberration (CNA) and receptor expression of sex hormones and growth factors.

The results were correlated with the timing of tumor presentation in relation to the stage of pregnancy. EGFR, VEGFR-1/2, AR, and c-Myc were expressed in gliomas, PgR, ER, HER-2, VEGFR-1, EGF and VEGFR2 in meningiomas, VEGFR-1 in vestibular schwannomas, and EGFR, VEGFR-1/2, and c-Myc in chordomas. The CNAs of the tumors varied. Four of the five gliomas presented in the 2nd trimester, all three meningiomas in the 3rd trimester or postpartum period, and both of the two schwannomas in the late 2nd trimester. Expression of VEGFR-1/2 and EGFR was observed regardless of the timing of tumor presentation, whereas female hormone receptors and HER-2 were exclusively found in meningiomas. Interestingly, one anaplastic astrocytoma (IDH mut, non-codeleted) that progressed from precedent grade 2 tumor harbored amplification of the MYC locus.

Progression of brain tumors during pregnancy is associated with various growth factors as well as sex hormones. The timing of presentation is likely dependent on molecular receptors specific to each tumor type.
Progression of brain tumors during pregnancy is associated with various growth factors as well as sex hormones. The timing of presentation is likely dependent on molecular receptors specific to each tumor type.
Anterocollis (AC) is a rare form of cervical dystonia, which responds poorly to botulinum toxin treatment.

To recognise the different clinical phenotypes of AC and to detail the selection of muscles from the results of treating a cohort of 15 AC patients with Botulinum Toxin.

The study was performed using prospectively collected data. We included 15 patients with cervical dystonia and AC posture, treated between 2016 and 2019 in our joint Neuro-ENT clinic. We excluded patients with posterior cervical muscle weakness and patients with Parkinsonism. We characterised the primary dystonic posture of every AC patient as posterior sagittal shift, head flexion or neck flexion, or a combination of the three.

All AC patients had a more widespread dystonic picture with a majority having Meige syndrome, but AC was the most problematic feature. Treatment with botulinum toxin required the injection not only of the deep cervical flexor (DCF), but also the sterno-cleido-mastoid (SCM) and moreover the supra-hyoid (SH) muscles. The choice between the longus capiti and the longus colli depended on the AC posture. Half of the patients had a dramatic improvement with 90% satisfaction or above.

AC posture is a complex but treatable type of CD. A joint Neuro-ENT clinic is an ideal setting in which to target all the dystonic muscles. This allows the injection of the longus capiti (under nasal endoscopic approach) as well as the supra-hyoid and SCM muscles in the same session.
AC posture is a complex but treatable type of CD. A joint Neuro-ENT clinic is an ideal setting in which to target all the dystonic muscles. This allows the injection of the longus capiti (under nasal endoscopic approach) as well as the supra-hyoid and SCM muscles in the same session.
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a debilitating feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Evidence suggests patients with FOG have increased cortical control of gait. The supplementary motor area (SMA) may be a key structure due to its connectivity with locomotor and cognitive networks. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) if SMA connectivity is disrupted in patients with FOG and (2) if "inhibitory" repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can decrease maladaptive SMA connectivity.

Two experiments were performed. In experiment 1 resting-state (T2* BOLD imaging) was compared between 38 PD freezers and 17 PD controls. In experiment 2, twenty PD patients with FOG were randomized to either 10 sessions of real or sham rTMS to the SMA (1Hz, 110% motor threshold, 1200 pulses/session) combined with daily gait training.

(Experiment 1) Freezers had increased connectivity between the left SMA and the vermis of the cerebellum and decreased connectivity between the SMA and the orbitofrontal cortex (p
<0.05).
Homepage: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MDV3100.html