Notes

Plasticity involving implicit excitability across the estrous period in hypothalamic CRH nerves.
Twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) exhibits a host of innovative physical phenomena owing to the formation of moiré superlattice. Especially, the discovery of superconducting behavior has generated new interest in graphene. The growing studies of tBLG mainly focus on its physical properties, while the fabrication of high-quality tBLG is a prerequisite for achieving the desired properties due to the great dependence on the twist angle and the interfacial contact. Here, the cutting-edge preparation strategies and challenges of tBLG fabrication are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of chemical vapor deposition, epitaxial growth on silicon carbide, stacking monolayer graphene, and folding monolayer graphene methods for the fabrication of tBLG are analyzed in detail, providing a reference for further development of preparation methods. Moreover, the characterization methods of twist angle for the tBLG are presented. IWP-4 Then, the unique physicochemical properties and corresponding applications of tBLG, containing correlated insulating and superconducting states, ferromagnetic state, soliton, enhanced optical absorption, tunable bandgap, and lithium intercalation and diffusion, are described. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for fabricating high-quality and large-area tBLG are discussed, unique physical properties are displayed, and new applications inferred from its angle-dependent features are explored, thereby impelling the commercialization of tBLG from laboratory to market.Despite advances in lung transplantation (LTx), morbidity, and mortality are high. We hypothesized that pleural effusions requiring thoracocentesis lead to poor outcomes after LTx. We performed a single-center retrospective analysis of thoracocenteses after initial hospital discharge in LTx patients between March 2008 and September 2020 to identify risk factors, etiologies, and outcomes. Of the 1223 patients included, 113 patients (9.2%) required a total of 195 thoracocenteses. The cumulative incidence of thoracocentesis was 10.6% at 1 year and 14.2% at 5 years after transplantation. We observed a bimodal distribution of pleural effusion onset with a threshold at 6 months. Late-onset effusions were mostly of malignant or cardiac origin. We observed a high rate of nonspecific effusions (41.5%) irrespective of the timepoint post-transplantation. Patients with late-onset effusions had significantly lower survival compared to a matched controlled group (HR 2.43; 95% CI (1.27-4.62). All pulmonary function parameters were significantly decreased in patients requiring thoracocentesis compared to matched controls. Male sex and re-transplantation were risk factors for pleural effusions. In conclusion, pleural effusions requiring thoracocentesis occur frequently in LTx patients and lead to a reduced long-term allograft function. Late-onset effusions are associated with a lower survival.Enteral nutrition (EN) is a widely used therapeutic tool to provide nutrition support for patients with various clinical conditions, including different types of cancer. Head and neck cancers, often complicated by dysphagia, are among leading indications for enteral feeding. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ) tubes are typically used to deliver EN. This article presents a case report of a young male with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Unfortunately, he developed metastasis of his cancer at the right lateral side of the PEG placement site, requiring surgical resection of seeded growth at the PEG site. This rare complication can be challenging, as it requires a high index of suspicion to diagnose and can potentially limit nutrition support options. A number of theories have been proposed to explain seeding during PEG/PEJ placement, including direct repositioning of malignant cells during instrumentation. A specific placement technique has not been shown to be superior, as seeding was reported with all placement techniques. However, given the lack of statistically powerful studies to describe this entity, there are still gaps we need to explore to better understand seeding of feeding tubes and best practices around diagnosis and early treatment. EN continues to be an important part of caring for patients with cancer during active or palliative treatments. Understanding potential risks in the setting of cancer metastasis is beneficial to the patients and multidisciplinary teams involved. Early recognition of possible seeding of feeding tube sites is necessary to ensure subsequent timely surgical intervention.IgG4-related hypophysitis (IgG4-RH) is increasingly being reported as an isolated entity or, less frequently, as a manifestation of a multiorgan IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), in which typical histopathology is a cornerstone for the diagnosis. We aimed to describe the histopathological changes in the surgical specimens from patients with clinical signs of pituitary disease that fulfilled the current diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RH. Histopathological features were correlated with clinical and radiological findings. Of 19 patients with pituitary dysfunction and inflammatory changes in the surgical pituitary specimen operated on during 2011-2019, we identified five patients with typical IgG4-related pathology (lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with more than 10 IgG4-positive plasma cells per one high power microscopic field, representing at least 40% of all plasma cells and at least focal storiform fibrosis). One patient with diabetes insipidus and pachymeningitis with IgG4-related changes in a biopsy from the durology/European League Against Rheumatism could help classify patients more properly as IgG4-RH if applied to the pituitary gland.The platinum single-atom-catalyst is verified as a very successful route to approach the size limit of Pt catalysts, while how to further improve the catalytic efficiency of Pt is a fundamental scientific question and is challenging because the size issue of Pt is approached at the ultimate ceiling as single atoms. Here, a new route for further improving Pt catalytic efficiency by cobalt (Co) and Pt dual-single-atoms on titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) surfaces, which contains a fraction of nonbonding oxygen-coordinated Co-O-Pt dimers, is reported. These Co-Pt dimer sites originate from loading high-density Pt single-atoms and Co single-atoms, with them anchoring randomly on the TiO2 substrate. This dual-single-atom catalyst yields 13.4% dimer sites and exhibits an ultrahigh and stable photocatalytic activity with a rate of 43.467 mmol g-1 h-1 and external quantum efficiency of ≈83.4% at 365 nm. This activity far exceeds those of equal amounts of Pt single-atom and typical Pt clustered catalysts by 1.92 and 1.64 times, respectively.
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