Notes

Cation-amino acid solution friendships: Implications pertaining to health proteins destabilization.
Meconopsis Vig. is a genus possessing important medicinal and ornamental values in the Papaveraceae. Many species in this genus are commonly used in traditional Tibetan medicines over thousands of years. In this study, we sequenced complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of two species, namely Meconopsis punicea and M. henrici to investigate their phylogenetic relationships in Papaveraceae. Total lengths of the chloroplast genomes were 153,281 bp and 153,388 bp, respectively. Both of the two genomes had typical quadripartite structure, LSC region (83,999 bp and 83,698 bp) and SSC region (17,730 bp and 17,822 bp) were separated by a pair of IRs (25,776 bp and 26,107 bp), respectively. Moreover, they were composed of 112 genes, including 78 protein coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, three rRNA genes and one pseudogene. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete chloroplast genomes showed that M. henrici had closer relationship with M. racenosa than M. punicea; meanwhile, Meconopsis was closely related to Papaver in Papaveraceae.Sibu yak is famous for its excellent breed in Tibet and has become a magic way for local herdsmen to get rich. The Sibu yak, however, has been identified as an endangered bovine species. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Sibu yak (Bos grunniens) was sequenced. The complete mitochondrial genome is a circular molecule with 16,324 bp in length, including 2 rRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a non-coding control region (D-loop). The entire nucleotide composition is A(33.70%), T(27.27%), C(25,81%), G(13.21%), respectively. Except that ND6 and 7 tRNAs （tRNA-Glu,tRNA-Pro,tRNA-Cys, tRNA-Tyr, tRNA-Ala, tRNA-Asn, and tRNA-Gln) are encoded on the light strand, the remaining genes are encoded on the heavy strand. As a valuable resource, we have compared it to related Bos species to understand the evolutionary history of Sibu yak.In this study, the entire mitochondrial genome of Paragnetina indentata was sequenced. The circular mitochondrial genome was the first mitochondrial genome representing the genus Paragnetina, which consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 1 control region with the length of 15,885 bp. In the complete sequence, the A + T content for 64.1% (A for 33.6%, T for 30.5%, C for 23.3%, and G for 12.7%). Among the 13 PCGs, 11 start codons is ATN and the start codon of ND1, ND2, and ND5 genes is TTG, GTG, and GTG, respectively. In addition, 11 of the PCGs used conservative termination codon TAA or TAG, except for COII and ND5 which terminated by the single T. By using the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum-likelihood (ML) methods, the phylogenetic relationship showed that P. indentata was closely related to Togoperla sp. DL-2-Aminopropionic acid and the species of Perlinae were clustered in a clade.The brown pansy, Junonia stygia (Aurivillius, 1894) (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae), is a widespread West African forest butterfly. Genome skimming by Illumina sequencing allowed assembly of a complete 15,233 bp circular mitogenome from J. stygia consisting of 79.5% AT nucleotides. Mitochondrial gene order and composition is identical to other butterfly mitogenomes. Junonia stygia COX1 features an atypical CGA start codon, while ATP6,COX1, COX2, ND4, and ND4L exhibit incomplete stop codons. Phylogenetic reconstruction supports a monophyletic Subfamily Nymphalinae, Tribe Junoniini, and genus Junonia. The phylogenetic tree places Junonia iphita and J. stygia as basal mitogenome lineages sister to the remaining Junonia sequences.The complete mitochondrial genome of the Jeju ground beetle Carabus smaragdinus monilifer was analyzed to determine its structure, morphology, and other characteristics. The 16,737-bp long mitochondrial genome consisted of 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs. The order, encoding direction, and the initiation and termination codons of the 37 genes of C. smaragdinus monilifer were identical to those of other species in the family Carabidae. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that C. smaragdinus monilifer is clustered with Carabus lafossei. Herein, we have provided the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of C. smaragdinus monilifer to understand the phylogeny of Carabidae.Rhododendron delavayi, as a member of Ericaceae family, has been widely used as an important garden flower. The cp genome of R. delavayi exhibited a typical quadripartite cycle with 193,798 bp, comprising of a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) of 15,494 bp intersected by a large single copy (LSC) region of 160,234 bp and a quite small single copy region of 2576 bp. Totally, 123 unique genes were assembled in this cp genome, including 80 protein genes, 35 tRNAs and 8 rRNAs. Out of these assembled genes, 88 genes (71.54%) were single copy. Phylogenetic analysis based on 14 cp genome of related species showed that the R. delavayi was closely related to Vaccinium oldhamii. This study provides important information for future evolution, genetic and molecular biology studies of Rhododendron.Delphinium grandiflorum L. is a perennial herb, and has very high medicinal value. However, the evolutionary relationship analysis of D. grandiflorum is limited. Its cp genome was 157,339 bp in length, containing a pair of inverted repeated regions (52,304 bp), separated by a large single copy region of 88,098 bp, and a small single copy region of 16,937 bp. Moreover, a total of 117 functional genes were annotated, including 79 mRNA, 30 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic relationships inferred that D. grandiflorum was closely related to Gymnaconitum gymnandrum. This study will provide a theoretical basis for species identification and biological research.In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Holothuria fuscocinerea was sequenced on an Illumina platform and assembled using NovoPlasty v. 2.7.1. It was submitted to NCBI GenBank and is available with accession number MN542416. The genome was 15,827 bp in size and contains 22 tRNA genes, 12 protein-coding genes, and 2 rRNA genes. The composition of A + T in Holothura spinifera mtDNA was 60.30%. Except ND6 and 5 tRNAs, the others are not on the H-strand. The phylogenetic relationship of 13 species of sea cucumber were analyzed using the neighbor-joining method by software MEGA5.0. Holothuria fuscocinerea was most closely related to Holothuria polii.
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