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A growing body of research has demonstrated that metacognitions are associated with alcohol use and other addictive behaviours. In the present study (N = 588), we investigated the validity of the Positive Alcohol Metacognitions Scale (PAMS) and the Negative Alcohol Metacognitions Scale (NAMS). The results supported two-factor solutions for both the PAMS and NAMS, but three items from the PAMS were deleted. These metacognitive measures distinguished between participants in low, moderate, and high-risk groups. Significant correlations were observed with alcohol use, and both PAMS and NAMS were unique significant predictors of alcohol use whilst controlling for demographics and negative affect. The validity of the Norwegian versions of PAMS and NAMS confirm previous findings and provide further support for the importance of metacognitions in alcohol use.Functional foods may contribute to establish healthy eating habits and reduce obesity and related comorbidities. Differences in the brain mechanisms underpinning the valuation of functional foods in individuals with excess weight may inform the development of attractive functional foods. We aimed to compare brain function during the Willingness to Pay task for functional vs standard foods between individuals with healthy weight (HW), overweight (OW), and obesity (OB). We hypothesized that, in participants with OB, willingness to pay for functional foods would evoke greater activation/connectivity in brain regions previously associated with subjective value. Thirty-six HW, 19 OW, and 20 OB adults performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging-Willingness to Pay task that requires them to decide how much they would pay for presented standard and functional food images tasted in a previous buffet. Whole-brain analyses compared task-related activation and connectivity between participants with OB, OW, and HW. Individuals with OB, relative to HW, showed more similar willingness to pay for functional and standard food. At the brain level, they also showed hyperactivation in the ventral posterior cingulate cortex and the right angular gyrus, as well as an increased functional connectivity between the ventral posterior cingulate cortex and the intraparietal cortices to the valuation of the functional vs the standard foods. Increased willingness to pay for functional foods in people with excessive weight may be driven by recruitment of brain regions that direct attention to internal goals.This study investigated the distribution of plastic debris from the Atlantic portion of the Sub-Antarctic to the Antarctic Peninsula. This region is home to some of the highest concentrations of zooplankton biomass but is also threatened by increasing shipping traffic from fishing and the growing tourism market. Samples were collected using a surface-towed neuston net during the Austral summer 2018, aboard the RRS James Clark Ross. Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry it was found that 45.6% of the plastic particles isolated from seawater samples were sampling contamination, originating predominantly from the ship. Of the remaining particles, both low density (polyethylene, polypropylene) and high-density (phenoxy and epoxy resins) polymers were found in the surface water suggesting both long-range and local sources of origin. Whilst we found that micro and mesoplastic concentrations in seawater were significantly low (0.013 ± 0.005n/m3) compared to global averages, they were higher along the Antarctic Peninsula than the open ocean (Sub-Antarctic) stations. The potential availability of micro and mesoplastics (MP) to pelagic amphipods was explored, using an observed encounter rate (OER) and a possible encounter rate (PER). The total OER (0.8%) was higher than the PER (0.15%), suggesting that even at low concentrations, microplastics are encountered, and potentially consumed, by amphipods. This study highlights the need to prioritise regions of high zooplankton abundance and to investigate both water and biota to build up a picture of plastic pollution and its potential interaction with the Antarctic Ecosystem.Antibiotics have adverse effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems in water environment, which is the main pool. In this study, antibiotics in the aquatic environment of China, containing both surface water and groundwater, were first systematically reviewed. That is essential for surface water and groundwater guideline and industry management. 128 articles were reviewed, containing 116 papers on surface water and 12 papers on groundwater. see more 94 antibiotics were detected at least once in the aquatic environment of China and most of the studies were in the eastern areas of China. The median concentrations of most antibiotics were below than 100 ng/L in the surface water and 10 ng/L in the groundwater. The concentrations of most antibiotics in China were similar or a little higher than in other countries. According to risk assessment, three antibiotics (enrofloxacin, ofloxacin and erythromycin) and three regions (Haihe River, Wangyang River and Taihu Lake) should be given more concerns. Strengthened policy and management are needed in these regions. In the future, more studies on groundwater and a priority list of antibiotics in the aquatic environment was needed.Introduction There is strong evidence for the importance of previous employment for mental health at older age but little is known about the role of partner's employment history in this. Life course theory suggests that individual trajectories are linked and evidence from cross-sectional studies suggest that there are cross-over effects within couples. Therefore, the present study tests the interdependence of own and partner's employment history and their relationship with depressive symptoms. Methods Analyses are based on retrospective data from the SHARE survey for 5664 long-term couples aged 50 or older, with employment information for each age between 30 and 50 (full-time, part-time, domestic work or non-employed). We use sequence analysis to group similar employment histories and relate own and partner's employment histories with depressive symptoms (EURO-D) using regression models. Results Results show that own and partner's employment history are interdependent and mainly follow traditional divisions of paid work, with the majority of men working full-time and women often working part-time or not working.
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