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Genome Analysis of the Probiotic Stress Enterococcus faecium Ef79OSAU.
Introduced populations often experience lag-times prior to invasion, but the mechanisms constraining rapid expansions of introduced populations are unclear. Solidago altissima is a North American native plant with highly invasive Japanese populations, and introduced Australian populations that are not invasive despite the climatic and ecological suitability of the region. By contrasting Australian with Japanese populations, we tested the hypothesis that Australian population growth is limited by a lack of long-distance dispersal via seeds due to limited number of compatible mates. In the field, Australian populations rarely produced viable seeds. A cross-pollination experiment found that Australian plants are fertile, yet lack compatible mates within Australia. Genetic analysis revealed that Australian individuals descend from a small set of self-incompatible genetic clones, which explains the negligible seed set within Australia. Our results show that low genetic diversity, leading to mate incompatibility, inhibits invasiveness of Australian S. altissima, and provides compelling evidence for genetic, rather than ecological, factors constraining invasion in Australia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.OBJECTIVES Alteration in positioning or head manipulation during thyroid surgery can lead to endotracheal tube movement and potentially a change in intraoperative neural monitoring readings. learn more We sought to study the impact of positional changes on two different commercially available recording electrode arrays. MATERIALS Eight pigs divided equally into two study groups based on recording electrode arrays were used Neurosign Lantern Laryngeal Electrode (LLE) (Neurosign_Technomed, The Netherlands) and Medtronic NIM EMG [neural integrity monitor electromyogram] endotracheal tube (ETT) (Medtronic, Jacksonville, FL). Neck movement and reposition were performed for all pigs. Signal data, including amplitude and latency, were collected for vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and external branch of superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) before and after repositioning. The differences of amplitude and latency by pre- and post-repositioning were compared for all animals. RESULTS Eight pigs were included in the current study. ETT group (Medtronic) had a significant decrease in amplitude of all tested nerves for the vagus nerve on the left side by 36.30% (P = .021) and on the right by 49.29% (P = .024), for RLN on the left by 30.22% (P = .014) and on the right by 42.34% (P = .004), and for EBSLN on the left by 63.62% (P = .003) and on the right by 13.58% (P = .010). The amplitude changes in LLE group (Neurosign) repositioning were not statistically significant in all nerves. CONCLUSION Recording electrode array configuration can impact the stability of nerve monitoring signal during thyroid surgeries. Repositioning was associated with changes in nerve signal amplitude in ETT group (Medtronic), whereas LLE (Neurosign) did not show any significant differences. Human studies are warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 2020. © 2020 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect on school attendance of a menstrual hygiene intervention that distributes educational booklets to school children and menstrual hygiene kits to schoolgirls in northern Ethiopia. METHODS Attendance was tracked for 8839 students in grades 7-12 during the 2015-2016 academic year when the intervention was implemented. Negative binomial regression was used to test whether student sex predicted post-intervention school absences when controlling for grade-level and pre-intervention absences. Similar attendance data were analyzed for 3569 students in grades 7, 9, and 11 for the 2014-2015 academic year as a historical comparison. RESULTS Over 12 211 educational booklets were distributed to students and 5991 menstrual hygiene kits were distributed to schoolgirls. After the intervention, girls had 24% fewer school absences than boys. Sex was not a predictor of absences during a similar time-period in the prior school year. CONCLUSION This is one of the first large studies to show a positive relationship between a menstrual hygiene intervention and girls' school attendance. These positive results suggest such interventions should be expanded to other schools in northern Ethiopia. Future research should explore whether similar interventions can also decrease the rate at which girls drop out of school around menarche. © 2020 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.KEY POINTS Respiratory muscle strength is compromised in people with tetraplegia, which may be compensated for by an increase in neural drive to the diaphragm. We found that the discharge frequencies of diaphragm motor units are higher in people with chronic tetraplegia compared to able-bodied people during quiet breathing. Furthermore, we found that the area of single motor unit potentials was increased in people with tetraplegia. These results suggest an increased motoneurone output to the diaphragm and re-modelling of diaphragm motor units to maintain ventilation in tetraplegia. ABSTRACT People with tetraplegia have reduced inspiratory muscle strength, ∼40% of able-bodied individuals. Paralysed or partially paralysed respiratory muscles as a result of tetraplegia compromise lung function, increase the incidence of respiratory infections and can cause dyspnoea. We hypothesised that reduced inspiratory muscle strength in tetraplegia may increase neural drive to the inspiratory muscles to maintain ventilationonic tetraplegia and that there is an increase in diaphragm motor unit discharge rates during quiet breathing. These neural changes ensure that ventilation is maintained in people with chronic tetraplegia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.KEY POINTS Tendon is a hypocellular, matrix-rich tissue that has been excluded from comparative transcriptional atlases. These atlases have provided important knowledge about biological heterogeneity between tissues, and our manuscript addresses this important gap. We performed measures on four of the most studied tendons, the Achilles, forepaw flexor, patellar, and supraspinatus tendons of both mice and rats. These tendons are functionally distinct and are also among the most commonly injured, and therefore of important translational interest. Approximately one-third of the transcriptome was differentially regulated between Achilles, forepaw flexor, patellar, and supraspinatus tendons within either mice or rats. Nearly two thirds of the transcripts that are expressed in anatomically similar tendons were different between mice and rats. The overall findings from this study identified that although tendons across the body share a common anatomical definition based on their physical location between skeletal muscle and bone, tendon is a surprisingly genetically heterogeneous tissue.
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