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Behaviour Treatments Focusing on Inadequate Second Esophageal Sphincter Opening up Through Eating: A Scoping Assessment.
For this reason, further investigations, hopefully a source of stronger scientific evidences, are needed.
glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness all over the world. The degree of visual field loss accounts for the severity of the disease and represents the main clinical outcome of treatment for patients affected by glaucoma. The α2 agonists, like brimonidine, emerged in the 1960s as topical ophthalmologic treatment. Their neuroprotective mechanism in glaucoma is still debated, ranging from effect on extracellular glutamate, to ocular hypotension and blood flow.

this systematic review and meta-analysis aims at assessing the efficacy of brimonidine on visual field deterioration during glaucoma through the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach. Databases consulted the literature search has been performed on PubMed, MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov and Scopus up to June 10th, 2020. Study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions clinical trials assessing the effects of brimonidine on visual field in patients with glaucoma. Study appraisal the eligibility of the studies has been assessed by two independent authors and the selection has followed the PRISMA flow diagram. The retrieved results have been subjected to risk of bias evaluation.

the search of literature has retrieved 418 papers, among which 5 are eligible for inclusion in the qualitative analysis. All the studies present high heterogeneity, therefore meta-analysis has not been possible. The results obtained suggest that brimonidine improves visual field, but the design of the clinical trials rises some concerns in terms of risk of bias.

the evidence of neuroprotective effect of brimonidine is inconclusive and needs stronger support. Large double-blind randomized clinical trials are necessary to strengthen this evidence.
the evidence of neuroprotective effect of brimonidine is inconclusive and needs stronger support. Large double-blind randomized clinical trials are necessary to strengthen this evidence.
glaucoma is a remarkable social issue being the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. It is a progressive neuropathy characterized by the death of the retinal ganglion cells, of which the most important risk factor is represented by the increase of intraocular pressure (IOP). selleck chemicals llc The role of nutraceutical supplementations with anti-oxidant activity has been extensively tested in preclinical models of glaucoma. The clinical efficacy of nutraceuticals in glaucoma is still controversial.

the aim of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy of nutraceuticals with anti-oxidant activity in glaucoma through the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) rigorous criteria.

the literature search has been performed on the electronic databases currently recognized of most relevance for medical scientific literature, i.e. PubMed, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) with access to EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov and Scopus. The date of laside effects. However, all the studies present high heterogeneity and some concerns in terms of risk of bias, apart from one trial for which the risk of bias is low.

the evidence of effectiveness of nutraceutical formulations is still uncertain and inconclusive. Therefore, large double-blind randomized clinical trials with adequate design, methodology and statistical power are needed to support the use of nutraceuticals in glaucoma.
the evidence of effectiveness of nutraceutical formulations is still uncertain and inconclusive. Therefore, large double-blind randomized clinical trials with adequate design, methodology and statistical power are needed to support the use of nutraceuticals in glaucoma.With the increasing global burden of glaucoma-caused blindness there is a significant need to develop therapies that both enable early detection of retinal neurodegeneration, and help protect cells from the neurodegenerative processes of glaucoma. In this chapter, we discuss potential neuroprotective agents that are present naturally and examine their role and suitability as therapies in glaucoma. These agents have been found to have anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action which may aid the resilience of retinal ganglion cells and enable them to withstand potential insults that trigger cell death. We highlight how these properties could be translated into clinical practice and the barriers needing to be overcome in order to achieve this.Beyond a cut-off value of approximately 26.5mm, the prevalence of glaucomatous or glaucoma-like optic neuropathy (GON) increases with longer axial length. In a hospital-based study, the prevalence of GON was 42% in eyes with an axial length of ≥30mm. Myopia-associated histological changes potentially associated with the increased GON prevalence are an elongation and thinning of the lamina cribrosa and peripapillary scleral flange. Correspondingly, clinical parameters associated with an increased GON prevalence were an enlargement of the optic disc and parapapillary delta zone. In addition to GON, a non-glaucomatous optic nerve damage can occur in highly myopic eyes, potentially due to a parapapillary gamma zone-associated lengthening of the retinal nerve fibers in the papillo-macular bundle. Clinically, GON and non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy should be ruled out in any highly myopic eye, in particular in those with a large optic disc, gamma zone and delta zone.Students' disruptive behavior during classroom events can elicit strong emotions in teachers and impact teachers' occupational wellbeing. This research was the first to test the proposition that teachers' emotional responses depend not solely on the specific classroom events themselves, but also on the perceived history of disruptive behavior of the student involved. Two complimentary studies examined whether teachers' perceptions of students' past disruptive behavior moderated the link between teachers' valence appraisals (i.e., how positive or negative an event was) and emotions in response to the event (i.e., enjoyment, anger, anxiety, self-, and other-related emotions). It was expected that teachers would be more emotionally reactive to events involving students whom they perceived as more disruptive in the past. Study 1 (N = 218 teachers) examined one teacher-selected relevant event of a workday with an individual student. Study 2 (N = 37 teachers) examined multiple events collected through daily diaries across the school year regarding two target students (N = 77) varying in perceived disruptive behavior.
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