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In addition, patients with adenocarcinoma with high IL-36γ protein expression levels tended to longer post-operative survival times. These findings indicate that IL-36γ may have potential as an immunomarker for prediction of tumor progression and survival in patients with NSCLC. Copyright © Liu et al.Pulmonary carcinoid tumors, including typical and atypical carcinoids, are well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that represent 1-2% of all lung cancer cases. In the present study, all cases of well-differentiated NETs diagnosed at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (Tianjin, China) between 2006 and 2016 were reviewed, and 20 pulmonary carcinoid cases were identified. The clinical features of these cases were summarized, and the results of pathological and imaging examinations were collated. As a low-grade malignant pulmonary neoplasm, the molecular biological mechanism of pulmonary carcinoids is yet to be elucidated. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms behind pulmonary carcinoids and to determine an effective molecular targeted therapeutic strategy, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed using tissue samples from six patients to determine additional molecular biological characteristics that may help guide targeted therapy. A total of 27 somatic mutations in 21 genes were detected. Of note, mutations in the KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase, Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4, MET proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase and insulin-like growth factor 1 genes occurred in two out of six cases. Since treatments for advanced carcinoids are relatively ineffective, molecular profiling may contribute to the identification of novel treatments. In addition, the literature on mutations in pulmonary carcinoids was reviewed and available clinical information and features of this tumor type were summarized. Copyright © Li et al.Gastric cancer (GC) is a type of cancer that is commonly diagnosed worldwide due to a lack of early diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets for this disease. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression levels of five long non-coding RNAs, namely PTPRG antisense RNA 1 (PTPRG-AS1), forkhead box P4 antisense RNA 1 (FOXP4-AS1), bladder cancer-associated transcript 2 (BLACAT2), ZXF2 and upregulated in colorectal cancer (UCC), to study their associations with patient characteristics and assess their prognostic efficacy, in order to determine the possibility of their application as GC biomarkers. The expression levels of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis of 61 pairs of GC tissues and adjacent healthy gastric mucosa tissues and GC cell lines. The Chi-square test was conducted to assess the associations of lncRNA expression levels with clinical characteristics of patients. EGFR inhibition The effect of UCC on GC cell proliferation was determined usis with GC. The results suggest that PTPRG-AS1, FOXP4-AS1, BLACAT2, ZXF2 and UCC are potential biomarkers for the detection of GC at the molecular level and may be used as potential targets for GC therapy. The individual roles of these lncRNAs may be utilized for prognostic predictions. Copyright © Binang et al.Cancer stem cells (CSCs) underpin the resistance of breast cancer (BC) cells to therapy. Dendritic cell (DC)-based treatment is efficacious and safe, but the efficiency of this technique for targeting CSCs in BC treatment requires further investigation. The present study aimed to investigate the ability of DCs pulsed with breast CSC antigens to activate effector lymphocytes for killing BC cells. CD44+/CD24- CSCs were isolated from BCA55-121, an in-house patient-derived BC cell line, and acquisition of stemness properties was confirmed by upregulated expression of OCT4A and a superior proliferative capacity in colony formation assays compared with whole population of BCA55-121 (BCA55-121-WP). DCs were differentiated from monocytes from peripheral blood of healthy donors and pulsed with CSC total RNA. Maturation of the CSC RNA-pulsed DCs was confirmed by increased expression of CD11c, CD40, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR, as well as reduced CD14 expression compared with monocytes. Total lymphocytes co-cultured with CSC ancer immune response against BC. Copyright © Sumransub et al.The molecular pathogenesis of thymoma remains largely unknown. It has been recently demonstrated, that activation of Wnt signaling pathway leads to increased incidence of thymoma in murine models. The present study investigated the activation of molecules of the Wnt signaling pathway in human thymoma. A total of 112 thymoma cases with complete clinical and follow-up data and 8 controls were included in the present study. Patients with thymoma and controls were examined immunohistochemically for β-catenin and E-cadherin. The mRNA expression levels of CTNNB1, CCND1, MYC, AXIN2 and CDH1 were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Immunohistochemically, β-catenin and E-cadherin were overexpressed in neoplastic cells of all thymomas. In type A, B1 and non-invasive type B2 thymoma, both molecules were located in the cytoplasm, in contrast to invasive type B2 and B3 thymoma, where membranous immunopositivities were observed. mRNA expression levels of genes involved in the Wnt pathway and of E-cadherin were significantly increased in both type A and B thymoma compared with controls; increasing gradually from type B1 to B3, and with higher stage of disease. In recurrent type B thymoma, the mRNA expression of the molecules was significantly higher. Despite the activation of Wnt pathway in indolent type A thymoma, the negative feedback of the pathway was preserved by overexpression of inhibitory molecule axin2, which was not overexpressed in type B thymoma. In summary, the Wnt pathway was activated in human thymoma and may contribute to oncogenesis. Detection of molecules of the Wnt pathway may be of diagnostic and prognostic value. Copyright © Vodicka et al.The scavenger receptor stabilin-1 has been reported to be expressed by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and to facilitate tumor growth and metastasis in mouse models of breast carcinoma and melanoma. However, to the best of our knowledge, its expression and association with prognosis in human gastric cancer has not been evaluated. The present study investigated the expression of stabilin-1 and its association with clinicopathological parameters in patients with gastric cancer. The expression of stabilin-1 was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of gastric cancer tissue samples of 371 Chinese patients with primary gastric adenocarcinoma. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to determine the cellular source of stabilin-1 in the gastric cancer tissues using anti-CD68, anti-CD163, anti-stabilin-1 and anti-secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine antibodies. A higher number of stabilin-1-positive cells were observed in the cancer tissues of primary gastric adenocarcinoma compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues of primary gastric adenocarcinoma (P less then 0.
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