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wear is warranted. A potential clinical implication of these results is that orienting osteochondral grafts such that the direction of wear is aligned with the primary fiber direction at the articular surface may optimize the life of the graft.Previous studies on knee biomechanics have mainly focused on the joint structure itself, largely neglecting the material properties of the muscles and connective tissues around the knee joint. Therefore, this study was purposed to conduct a systematic in vivo examination of the material properties of muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and investigated the respective influences of gender and age on the material properties. The participants were 50 healthy males and females within the following four age groups 21-30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years, and above 51 years. The Young's moduli of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments around the knee joint were measured by shear wave elastography (SWE). Analysis of the Young's modulus results showed that excellent repeatability could be achieved by using SWE. For muscles, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) ranged between 0.952 and 0.987, and 0.923 and 0.992, respectively. The ICC ranged from 0.920 to 0.941, and the 95% CI was between 0.872 and 0.969 for tendons and ligaments. Additionally, the Young's moduli of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments of males were greater than those of females. With the exception for medial patellar retinaculum (MPR), the Young's moduli of other observed tissues decreased with age for both males and females, indicating that age has a significant impact on the Young's moduli of muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Hence, SWE is a reliable and repeatable technique that can be used to assess the Young's moduli of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments around the knee joint. Furthermore, gender and age affects the material properties. The results of this study provide an in vivo database of the material properties of muscles and connective tissues, and thus may prove useful for the prevention and treatment of knee joint injuries and diseases.Graphene oxide (GO) and mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) are commonly used to improve the mechanical and biological properties of polymer scaffolds, respectively. Nevertheless, their single introduction to polymers may encounter problems with uneven dispersion due to nano-aggregation effects. In this work, a GO and MBG hybrid with micro-space network structure were prepared by a chemical reduction-coagulation method to solve these problems. GO and MBG were first uniformly mixed in an alkaline aqueous dispersion. Subsequently, GO was partially reduced by introducing dopamine and co-coagulated with MBG, and then assembled into a GO@PDA@MBG hybrid structure under electrostatic effect. Specifically, the ring opening and deoxygenation reaction between the oxygen-containing functional group of GO and the amine group of dopamine achieves functionalization and partial reduction of GO. In addition, the hydrogen bond between the amine group of dopamine and the silanol hydroxyl group of MBG promotes the coagulation of MBG on GO@PDA. The hybrid structure was then mixed into polymer matrix to prepare a composite scaffold by a laser additive manufacturing process. The results showed that GO @ PDA @ MBG hybrid structure increased the tensile strength and modulus of polymer scaffold from 5.8 MPa and 312.2 MPa to 14.1 MPa and 539.7 MPa, respectively. The enhanced mechanical properties can be attributed to the "pinning" and "crack strengthening" effect of GO@PDA@MBG hybrid structure in polymer matrix. Besides, the scaffold also significantly promotes adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts, demonstrating good biological properties.Degradable bone substitutes made of magnesium alloys are an alternative to biological bone grafts. The main advantage is that they can be manufactured location- and patient-specific. To develop and scale appropriate implants using computational models, knowledge about the mechanical properties and especially the change in the properties during the degradation process is essential. Therefore, degraded open-pored implants were investigated using scanning electron microscope and nanoindentation to find their material composition and mechanical properties. Using both techniques the correlation of the material composition and the average modulus was determined. It could be shown that the average modulus of the degradation layer is distinctly lower than that of the base material. The local average modulus of degrading implant highly depends on the magnesium concentration and the accumulation of elements from the environment. A decrease in magnesium concentration leads to a decrease in the average modulus. Thus, the degrading implant had a lower stiffness than the initial structure.Chronic periodontal disease affect the tissues supporting around the teeth like gingival tissue, connective tissue, alveolar bone and periodontal ligaments. Epigenetics inhibitor Hitherto, periodontal treatment was targeted to selectively repopulate the defect site with cell that has capability to regenerate lost tissue by promoting the concept of guided tissue regeneration but it requires second surgery due to non- biodegradability. The use of polymeric biodegradable nanofibrous coated scaffold that have the ability to deliver bioactives required for regeneration to occur is relatively a newer concept. The functionalization of polymeric scaffold with Bromelain and magnesium doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticle enhanced the mechanical, physico-chemical, thermal and biological properties of the scaffold by imitating the intricate extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture which provided the necessary bioactive cues that offered control over cellular functions by showing antibacterial potential, hemocompatibility and increasing the proliferation and migration rate in vitro. In addition, in ovo chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay and ex vivo aortic ring assay confirmed the efficacy of the developed scaffold by encouraging angiogenesis required for maintaining its viability after implanting onto the infected area. Further, the scaffold positively interacted with the host and actively contributed to the process of tissue regeneration in vivo in Wistar rat model.
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