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A number of such antibody-drug conjugates were constructed and tested, both in vivo and in vitro, leading to the identification of at least one promising ADC (Herceptin-LD3), warranting further investigations.The viscosity enhancement of a solvent produced by the addition of thickening branched polymers is predicted as a function of polymer concentration, branch length and persistence length, and strength of the covalent bonding interactions. Nonequilibrium, stationary-state Poiseuille numerical simulations are performed using the dissipative particle dynamics model to obtain the viscosity of the fluid. It is found that the clustering of the polymers into aggregates increases the viscosity and that it is more strongly affected by the strength of the bonding interactions. General scaling relationships are found for the viscosity as a function of the variables studied, which are expected to be useful for the design and synthesis of new viscosifying polymers. It is argued that our results can be applied to aqueous thickeners, of importance for colloidal fluids such as paints and coatings and also for nonpolar fluids such as supercritical CO2, which is a promising nonhydraulic fracking fluid also useful in enhanced oil recovery.We studied the influence of a static in-plane magnetic field on the alternating-field-driven emission of nanoscale spin waves from magnetic vortex cores. Time-resolved scanning transmission X-ray microscopy was used to image spin waves in disk structures of synthetic ferrimagnets and single ferromagnetic layers. For both systems, it was found that an increasing magnetic bias field continuously displaces the wave-emitting vortex core from the center of the disk toward its edge without noticeably altering the spin-wave dispersion relation. In the case of the single-layer disk, an anisotropic lateral expansion of the core occurs at higher magnetic fields, which leads to a directional rather than radial-isotropic emission and propagation of waves. Micromagnetic simulations confirm these findings and further show that focusing effects occur in such systems, depending on the shape of the core and controlled by the static magnetic bias field.The anion-exchange capacity of the cell-wall sulfated polysaccharide of the red microalga Porphyridium sp. can be exploited for the complexation of metal ions (e.g., Cu, Zn, Ag) to produce novel materials with new bioactivities. In this study, we investigated this algal polysaccharide as a platform for the incorporation of copper as Cu2O. Chemical and rheological characterization of the Cu2O-polysaccharide complex showed that the copper is covalently bound to the polysaccharide and that the complex exhibits higher viscosity and conductivity than the native polysaccharide. Examination of the complex's inhibitory activity against the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis and the fungus Candida albicans revealed a relatively high antimicrobial activity, especially against C. albicans (92% growth inhibition) as compared to the polysaccharide and to Cu2O alone. The antibiofilm activity was also found against P. aeruginosa PA14 and C. albicans biofilms. An atomic force microscopy examination of the surface morphology of the complex revealed needle-like structures (spikes), approximately 10 nm thick, protruding from the complex surface to a maximum height of 1000 nm, at a density of about 5000/μm2, which were not detected in the native polysaccharide. It seems that the spikes on the surface of the Cu2O-polysaccharide complex are responsible for the antimicrobial activities of the complex, that is, for disruption of microbial membrane permeability, leading to cell death. The study thus indicates that the superior qualities of the novel material formed by complexion of Cu2O to the polysaccharide should be studied further for various biotechnological applications.The superior optical and electronic properties of the two-dimensional (2D) rhenium disulfide (ReS2) makes it suitable for nanoelectronic and optoelectronic applications. However, the internal defects coupled with with the low mobility and light-absorbing capability of ReS2 impede its utilization in high-performance photodetectors. check details Fabrication of mixed-dimensional heterojunctions is an alternative method for designing high-performance hybrid photodetectors. This study proposes a mixed-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterojunction photodetector, containing high-performance one-dimensional (1D) p-type tellurium (Te) and 2D n-type ReS2, developed by depositing Te nanowires on ReS2 nanoflake using the dry transfer method. It can improve the injection and separation efficiency of photoexcited electron-hole pairs due to the type II p-n heterojunction formed at the ReS2 and Te interface. The proposed heterojunction device is sensitive to visible-light sensitivity (632 nm) with an ultrafast photoresponse (5 ms), high responsivity (180 A/W), and specific detectivity (109), which is superior to the pristine Te and ReS2 photodetectors. As compared to the ReS2 device, the responsivity and response speed is better by an order of magnitude. These results demonstrate the fabrication and application potential of Te/ReS2 mixed-dimensional heterojunction for high-performance optoelectronic devices and sensors.To resolve the fleeting structures of lanthanide Ln3+ aqua ions in solution, we (i) performed the first ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations of the entire series of Ln3+ aqua ions in explicit water solvent using pseudopotentials and basis sets recently optimized for lanthanides and (ii) measured the symmetry of the hydrating waters about Ln3+ ions (Nd3+, Dy3+, Er3+, Lu3+) for the first time with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). EXAFS spectra were measured experimentally and generated from AIMD trajectories to directly compare simulation, which concurrently considers the electronic structure and the atomic dynamics in solution, with experiment. We performed a comprehensive evaluation of EXAFS multiple-scattering analysis (up to 6.5 Å) to measure Ln-O distances and angular correlations (i.e., symmetry) and elucidate the molecular geometry of the first hydration shell. This evaluation, in combination with symmetry-dependent L3- and L1-edge spectral analysis, shows that the AIMD simulations remarkably reproduces the experimental EXAFS data.
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