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The results showed the neuroprotective effect of curcumin on behavior, neurotransmitter levels, and histological changes in the hippocampus against NaF-induced neurotoxicity in developing rat pups.
The results showed the neuroprotective effect of curcumin on behavior, neurotransmitter levels, and histological changes in the hippocampus against NaF-induced neurotoxicity in developing rat pups.
This research investigated the effects of violent and football video games on cognitive functions, cortisol levels, and brain waves.

A total of 64 participants competed in a single-elimination tournament. Saliva samples of all players were obtained before and after the games for the assessment of cortisol levels. The cognitive performances of the players were also assessed by paced auditory serial addition test. Moreover, the electroencephalogram recording was conducted during the games.

The results showed that salivary cortisol levels significantly decreased after playing both games. Also, playing the football game increased reaction time, whereas decreased sustained attention and mental fatigue.

Conversely, following playing a violent game, the reaction time decreased, and sustained attention and mental fatigue increased. Furthermore, the results of the EEG recording revealed that playing a violent game engaged more brain regions than the football game. In conclusion, playing violent game more effectively improved cognitive performances in the players than the football game.
Conversely, following playing a violent game, the reaction time decreased, and sustained attention and mental fatigue increased. Furthermore, the results of the EEG recording revealed that playing a violent game engaged more brain regions than the football game. #link# In conclusion, playing violent game more effectively improved cognitive performances in the players than the football game.
Ethanol is considered as an effective agent in reducing brain stroke injury. In this study, we assessed the effects of modafinil along with ethanol as a combination therapy on behavioral function in Wistar rats.

The right Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) was performed and the rats were divided into nine groups (n=8 per group). The animal groups in this study were as follows 1. MCAO control group (ischemia without treatment); 2. Vehicle group; 3. Modafinil group that was randomly subdivided into three groups receiving different doses of modafinil (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) for 7 days before MCAO; 4. Ethanol group receiving 1.5 g/kg ethanol at the time of reperfusion; 5. Modafinil + ethanol group that was further subdivided into three groups receiving modafinil at different doses (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) for 7 days before MCAO and ethanol at the time of reperfusion. The motor behavior was measured using the Garcia test 24, 48, and 72 h after the ischemia, and the elevated body swing test was performed 48 and 72 h after the ischemia. The anxiety and locomotor activity were analyzed by open field test 48 and 72 h post-ischemia.

The results showed that the neurological deficit score, locomotor activity, and unexpected thigmotaxis (anxiety) in the ethanol, modafinil (in a dose-dependent manner), and ethanol+modafinil treatment groups were significantly higher than the MCAO control group.

It seems that the combination therapy of modafinil (100 mg/kg) and ethanol (1.5 g/kg) significantly enhanced neuroprotection via an improvement in locomotor activity and neurological functions.
It seems that the combination therapy of modafinil (100 mg/kg) and ethanol (1.5 g/kg) significantly enhanced neuroprotection via an improvement in locomotor activity and neurological functions.
Sleep deprivation can cause hyperalgesia and interfere with analgesic treatments. The aim of the present study was to establish an obligatory sleep-abstinence model and also evaluate the effects of Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of crocin on pain perception in Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 35 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=7). The intra-ventricular cannulation was done for all rats before sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation was performed by placing animals on a chamber equipped with an automatic animated conveyor (5 s with an interval of 3 min) for 72 h. Subsequently, the sleep-deprived animals received ICV injection of saline (MOD), Morphine 10 μg (MOR), Crocin 10 ug (Cr10), and Crocin40 μg (Cr40) using a microsyringe. Besides, a non-sleep-deprived group was allocated as a Control Group (NC) and only received an ICV injection of saline. Fifteen minutes after the ICV injections, pain perception was evaluated by the hot plate test (54±0.4°C).

Compared with the NC group, latency significantly decreased in the MOD group (6.28±0.48 vs. 4.28± 0.48, P<0.0001). In comparison with the MOD group, both morphine (8.42±1.53) and crocin (7.60±1.45 for Cr10 and 8.14±0.89 for Cr40) could significantly increase latency in the sleep-deprived animals (P<0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the Cr10 and Cr40 (P=0.42), Cr10, and MOR (P=0.059) and Cr40 with MOR (P=0.86) groups.

Our results indicated that crocin could attenuate hyperalgesia induced by sleep deprivation in rats.
Our results indicated that crocin could attenuate hyperalgesia induced by sleep deprivation in rats.
The underlying mechanism responsible for the cardiovascular response to Hemorrhage (HEM) is still unknown; however, several brain areas, such as the Cuneiform nucleus (CnF) have shown to be involved. In this study, the cardiovascular effect of the CnF during HEM was evaluated.

The animals were divided into the following groups 1. Vehicle; 2. HEM; 3. Cobalt chloride (CoCl
); 4. CoCl
+saline; and 5. CoCl
+HEM. Catheterization of the left and right femoral artery was performed to record blood pressure and blood withdrawal, respectively. Saline and CoCl
were microinjected into the CnF nucleus, and then blood withdrawal was done for HEM induction. Cardiovascular regulation throughout the experiments was recorded and changes (Δ) in the Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Heart Rate (HR) were calculated over time and compared with those treated with saline and HEM, using repeated-measures ANOVA.

HEM significantly reduced ΔSBP and ΔMAP and augmented ΔHR than the vehicle group. CoCl
did not significantly affect basic ΔSBP, ΔMAP, and ΔHR compared with the vehicle group.
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