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Coupling coefficients among the different degrees of freedom were also measured and shown to be negligible, varying little between designs. A potential concern about thermal noise contribution due to eddy current loss is discussed. As of 2020, 42 of the modules are in operation at the site.A mass spectrometer with a custom sampling system comprising one fixed and one variable orifice is presented. IPA-3 in vitro The custom sampling system allows the determination of the gas composition in the pressure range from 5 mbar to 1000 mbar, with low gas-demixing ( less then 1.5%). A case study of mass spectrometer optimization and calibration for the measurement of relative concentration of CO2, CO, O2, and N2 gases is presented, together with an example of the CO2 conversion at a microwave plasma torch. The absolute error of the measured conversion of CO2 in CO is found to be less than 1.6% in the complete pressure range. The conversion determination routine presented here allows us to determine relative molar flows of CO2, CO, O2, and N2 and to distinguish between CO and N2 gases, which is important for the determination of the CO2 conversion in the case of air impurities or in the case of CO2/N2 mixtures.The Macquarie University Deformation-DIA (MQ D-DIA) multi-anvil apparatus at the Australian Synchrotron provides a new experimental facility that enables simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature in situ synchrotron experimentation in Australia. The MQ D-DIA can be easily deployed at any of a number of beamlines at the Australian Synchrotron, and we describe its installation at the x-ray absorption spectroscopy beamline, which enables in situ x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy and energy-scanning x-ray diffraction. A simple, reliable, and x-ray transparent high-pressure cell assembly has been developed for the D-DIA for which load/pressure and heater power/temperature relationships have been calibrated using in situ x-ray diffraction and "offline" mineral equilibration experiments. Additionally, we have mapped temperature distribution within the assembly using a new quantitative electron microprobe mapping technique developed for fine-grained polyphase samples. We are now investigating the speciation of geologically important trace elements in silicate melts (e.g., Zr, U, and Th) measured in situ under high pressure and temperature conditions corresponding to the Earth's mantle. Pressure-dependent changes in speciation influence partitioning behavior, and therefore the distribution in the Earth, of many trace elements. However, previous ex situ investigations are hampered by uncertainty as to whether high-pressure speciation can be faithfully recorded in samples recovered to ambient conditions. We present preliminary results showing an increase in the coordination number of Zr dissolved as a trace component of a sodium-rich silicate melt with pressure. These results also indicate that silicate melt composition exerts a strong influence on Zr speciation.Hairpin probes are used to determine electron densities via measuring the shift of the resonant frequency of the probe structure when immersed in a plasma. This manuscript presents new developments in hairpin probe hardware and theory that have enabled measurements in a high electron density plasma, up to approximately 1012 cm-3, corresponding to a plasma frequency of about 9 GHz. Hardware developments include the use of both quarter-wavelength and three-quarter-wavelength partially covered hairpin probes in a transmission mode together with an easily reproducible implementation of the associated microwave electronics using commercial off-the-shelf components. The three-quarter-wavelength structure is operated at its second harmonic with the purpose of measuring higher electron densities. New theory developments for interpreting the probe measurements include the use of a transmission line model to find an accurate relationship between the resonant frequency of the probe and the electron density, including effects of partially covering the probes with epoxy. Measurements are taken in an inductively coupled plasma sustained in argon at pressures below 50 mTorr. Results are compared with Langmuir probe and interferometry measurements.This work combines the principles of the heat spreader method and the imaging capability of the thermoreflectance measurements to measure the in-plane thermal conductivity of thin films without the requirement of film suspension or multiple thermometer deposition. We refer to this hybrid technique as heat diffusion imaging. The thermoreflectance imaging system provides a temperature distribution map across the film surface. The in-plane thermal conductivity can be extracted from the temperature decay profile. By coupling the system with a cryostat, we were able to conduct measurements from 40 K to 400 K. Silicon thin film samples with and without periodic holes were measured and compared with in-plane time-domain thermoreflectance measurements and literature data as validation for heat diffusion imaging.A new method for in situ measurement of the thickness of the carbon contamination layer on the surface of an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mirror is proposed. This measurement is important in order to determine the most effective timing with which the mirror should be cleaned. The method we propose uses a Y-type optical fiber to measure the reflectivity profile over the wavelength range from 200 nm to 800 nm from the surface of the mirror; the reflectivity profile is normalized by the reflectivity at 800 nm wavelength. This is because the change in reflectivity is more sensitive to the carbon layer thickness in the short wavelength region rather than in the long wavelength region. The method was demonstrated using carbon/ruthenium bilayer samples deposited on commercial Si wafers. The results show that the proposed method can successfully estimate the thickness of the carbon layer and thus has the potential to measure the thickness of a thin carbon layer on an EUV mirror.This paper presents a new biomimetic soft finger joint with elastic ligaments for enhanced restoration capability. A hemisphere-shaped flexible finger joint is designed to secure omnidirectional restoration and guarantee a reliable recovery function. Joint design comparative studies for enhancing restoration are presented with joint mechanisms and potential energy formulation analyses. A ligament design that enables an efficient grasping mode switch from power to pinch grasping is also considered. By using the presented joint and ligament, a tendon-driven robot hand is assembled. For the finger's biomimetic features, the hand provides a reasonably secure grasping operation for various complicated objects with minimum controls. The impact test and grasping experiments confirmed that the fabricated hand has the right amount of passive compliance in all directions as designed, and the restoration to the original state is also stably performed.
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