Notes

The general vaccine candidate versus Plasmodium vivax malaria confers shielding defense contrary to the three PvCSP alleles.
53, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.25-1.87, and OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.23-1.86, respectively). The number of correctly identified risk factors was positively associated with willingness to participate in CRC screening (P for trend less then  0.001). The national public work force and the Norwegian Cancer Society were selected by 76% and 69% of the participants, respectively, to be trustworthy sources of information on CRC prevention. Awareness of CRC risk factors was associated with willingness to participate in CRC screening. The national public work force and Cancer Society can be generally accepted sources of CRC preventive information.To investigate the effect of topical administration of propolis (a honeybee product) or curry leaf (an herbal product) into the periodontal pockets of periodontitis patients, a double-blind controlled clinical trial was conducted with 24 subjects including one drop-out diagnosed with moderate-to-advanced chronic periodontitis who completed initial periodontal therapy. They were randomly allocated to the following treatments placebo, propolis, curry leaf, and minocycline. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples collected before and after the intervention were analyzed to quantify the number of total bacteria and number of six major periodontopathic bacteria by real-time PCR. Periodontitis-related clinical parameters were also analyzed. Among the six propolis-treated patients whose GCF samples were P. gingivalis-positive, three patients converted to be P. gingivalis-negative after the intervention. The minocycline-treated group exhibited a decrease in probing pocket depth (PPD) with statistically significant improvement, but not gain of clinical attachment level (CAL). Both PPD and CAL have been improved in the propolis-treated group at a statistically significant level, but not the curry leaf-treated group. In conclusion, treatment with propolis significantly improved both PPD and CAL, together with a tendency towards reduced P. gingivalis burden in GCF. It is likely that a propolis-based therapy becomes an alternative treatment option for chronic periodontitis during supportive periodontal therapy.This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of two chelating agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) combined or not with detergents, and etidronic acid combined with sterile saline. The bacterial inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC, respectively) were determined on Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 4083 strain. Antimicrobial tests were performed on a biofilm model after treatment with the chelating agents at different times (1, 3, and 5 min) using a biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) assays. Quantification of cell biomass and percentage of live and dead cells in the biomass was assessed for each group. The normality of the distributions for each variable was assessed using the D'Agostino and Pearson's omnibus normality test. The comparison of bacterial viability among groups and between any two groups was performed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and the Dunn's test, respectively. No significant between-group difference was observed regarding biomass reduction. On the other hand, EDTA combined with detergents displayed a substantial increase of the dead bacteria ranging between 35 and 43%; whereas, the number of cells killed in the control group and in the other treated groups always ranged between 1 and 6%, at all experimental times. Defactinib chemical structure The addition of detergents to EDTA can improve its anti-biofilm activity by reducing EPS production and enhancing the killing of sessile bacterial cells. Clinical relevance EDTA presents a relevant antimicrobial activity when combined with surface-active agents.BACKGROUND Chronic use of morphine treatment for neuropathic pain leads to morphine-induced analgesic tolerance. Crocin contained in Crocus sativus L., exerts anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. This study examined the effects of crocin on morphine tolerance and serum BDNF levels on neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. METHODS CCI model of neuropathic pain was done in male Wistar rats (200-250 g). Rats were treated with crocin (15 or 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) alone or simultaneously with morphine (10 mg/kg, subcutaneously) during or after induction of CCI. Pain behavioral responses including mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were measured from days of 15-27 after CCI. Then, rats were evaluated for serum BDNF levels on days 14 and/or 27. RESULTS We found that morphine tolerance developed after the induction of neuropathic pain. The injection of crocin (15 and 30 mg/kg) was able to enhance analgesic effect of morphine by reduction of mechanical allodynia on days 15-27 post-surgery in CCI rats. While preemptive administration of crocin at a lower dose (15 mg/kg) maintained the analgesic effect of morphine. Morphine injection and/or co-administration with crocin (15, 30 mg/kg) decreased serum BDNF levels in CCI rats. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that crocin may have a therapeutic effect to maintain morphine analgesic efficacy and also to prevent the development of morphine tolerance in neuropathic pain, but probably not through BDNF.BACKGROUND 2,4',5'-Trihydroxyl-5,2'-dibromo diphenylmethanone (LM49), a novel active halophenol derivative synthesized by our group from marine plants, exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activities. However, molecular machineries involved in its effect have not been fully identified. The study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of LM49 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and its underlying mechanism. METHODS RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS (10 μg/mL) and then exposed to different concentrations of LM49 (i.e., 5, 10, and 15 μM) for 24 h. Cytokine release in culture medium of RAW264.7 cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Phagocytic capacity (FITC-dextran uptake) was determined by flow cytometry. The protein level of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT and p-AKT was measured by western blot analysis. RESULTS Our findings revealed that LM49 reduced the production and mRNA levels of cytokines related to inflammation such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and increased the level of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
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