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Past research has provided some evidence of positive relationships between leisure and cognitive functioning, but questions remain regarding their mechanisms. We argue that specific negative emotions may provide promising theoretical mechanisms for the leisure-cognition link. Guided by theories of leisure and emotion-specificity, we used a large-sample, longitudinal dataset of adult participants (N = 3536; 1940 females; Mage = 56.16) to examine the leisure-cognition link over about a decade and to test whether sadness, anger, or fear would be supported as emotion-specific mediators of the leisure-cognition link. Analyses were performed using observed variable path analyses and latent variable structural equation modelling. Controlling for demographics (age, gender, education level) and baseline cognitive functioning, leisure predicted better episodic memory and executive function a decade later. Moreover, both observed variable and latent variable mediational analyses supported sadness as a mediator of the link between leisure and episodic memory as well as executive function, such that leisure predicted reduced sadness, in turn predicting improved cognitive functioning. In contrast, neither fear nor anger were supported as mediators of the leisure-cognition link. Thus, the results support long-term links between leisure and cognitive functioning and also support sadness as an emotion-specific mediator of these relationships.Introduction HIV testing among men remains low globally and in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in particular, when compared with their female counterparts. The aim of this study was to synthesise evidence on barriers to HIV testing among men in SSA using a scoping review method.Methods A scoping review was conducted, guided by Arksey and O'Malley's framework. A search was made in PubMed, American Doctoral Dissertations via EBSCOhost, Union Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations and SA ePublications via SABINET Online and World Cat Dissertations, Theses via OCLC and Google Scholar. The PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) chart was used to document the review process. The PRISMA extension for scoping reviews - PRISMA-ScR checklist and explanation - was also used. The mixed method appraisal tool version 2018 was used to determine the methodological quality of the included studies. Thematic analyses were conducted using NVivo version 11.Results Key barriers to HIV testing among men in SSA were knowledge of HIV, fear of testing positive for HIV, stigma associated with HIV, healthcare providers' services, confidentiality, and clinic setting.Conclusion Structural and individual factors present barriers to HIV testing uptake among men in SSA. Community and home-based initiatives have the potential to improve the uptake of HIV testing among men in SSA, considering the confidentiality concerns posed by clinic settings.This paper offers an opportunity to ponder the way the Catholic Church and its methods of information control reshaped, and paradoxically even enabled, the dissemination and practice of science in early modern Italy. Focusing on the activities of Newtonian scholars operating in Rome in the First half of the eighteenth century - especially the Celestine monk Celestino Galiani (1681-1753) and prelate Francesco Bianchini (1662-1729) - I will argue that major contributions to the spread of Newtonianism in Italy came from individuals operating within the Church, acting more-or-less independently from the Church's oversight. These scholars realized they were witnessing an inexorable transition and that the medieval scholastic cosmology and physics could not survive. 5-FU In order to rescue the Church - and to avoid further embarrassment, especially after the Galileo Affair - renewal was needed. Counterintuitively, the dissemination of Italian Newtonianism was largely a Catholic effort.Tomatoes have been widely planted in greenhouses and fields in China. Soil-borne diseases are more harmful to tomatoes than other types of diseases. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) was used as a novel fumigant instead of methyl bromide to control soil-borne diseases. To assess the safety of DMDS for use on tomatoes, its dissipation and terminal residues were investigated at three different locations under greenhouse and open field conditions. The QuEChERS method was simplified using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection and combined with liquid-liquid extraction purification to allow determination of DMDS levels in both the tomatoes and the soil. The average recovery of the method was between 85.3 and 98.6%, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from to 1.9-10.3%. The dissipation and terminal residues of DMDS in the tomatoes and the soil were analyzed using the method, the results of which showed that the half-life of DMDS ranged from 0.3-6.5 d in the soil at three different locations. The terminal residues of DMDS in the tomatoes and the soil were not detected. This study provided data that the Chinese government can use to support appropriate and safe guidance for the use of DMDS on agriculture.Background Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome are known to have a high incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD), yet the underlying causes are not well understood. We sought to define the predictors of SCD in this population. Methods and Results A retrospective analysis of all patients with Eisenmenger syndrome from 2 large tertiary referral centers was performed. ECGs, prolonged ambulatory recordings, echocardiograms, and clinical histories were reviewed; and the cause of death was identified. A total of 246 patients (85 [34.6%] men) with a mean age of 37.3 (±14.2) years were followed up for a median of 7 years. Over the study period, 136 patients died, with 40 experiencing SCD and 74 experiencing cardiac death (sudden and nonsudden). Age, atrial fibrillation, prolonged QRS duration, complete heart block, right atrial enlargement, right bundle branch block, increased right atrial pressure, impaired biventricular function, and the presence of a pacemaker were associated with increased risk of SCD, whereas advanced pulmonary hypertension therapies were protective.
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