Notes

Atypically greater variability of resource part makes up about visual functioning memory cutbacks throughout schizophrenia.
In most biomedical optical spectroscopy platforms, a fiber-probe consisting of single or multiple illumination and collection fibers was commonly used for the delivery of illuminating light and the collection of emitted light. Typically, the signals from all collection fibers were combined and then sampled to characterize tissue samples. Such simple averaged optical measurements may induce significant errors for in vivo tumor characterization, especially in longitudinal studies where the tumor size and location vary with tumor stages. In this study, we utilized the Monte Carlo technique to optimize the fiber-probe geometries of a spectroscopy platform to enable tumor-sensitive diffuse reflectance and fluorescence measurements on murine subcutaneous tissues with growing solid tumors that have different sizes and depths. Our data showed that depth-sensitive techniques offer improved sensitivity in tumor detection compared to the simple averaged approach in both reflectance and fluorescence measurements. Through the numerical studies, we optimized the source-detector distances, fiber diameters, and numerical apertures for sensitive measurement of small solid tumors with varying size and depth buried in murine subcutaneous tissues. Our study will advance the design of a fiber-probe in an optical spectroscopy system that can be used for longitudinal tumor metabolism and vasculature monitoring.Dynamic biological systems present challenges to existing three-dimensional (3D) optical microscopes because of their continuous temporal and spatial changes. Most techniques are rigid in adapting the acquisition parameters over time, as in confocal microscopy, where a laser beam is sequentially scanned at a predefined spatial sampling rate and pixel dwell time. Such lack of tunability forces a user to provide scan parameters, which may not be optimal, based on the best assumption before an acquisition starts. Here, we developed volumetric Lissajous confocal microscopy to achieve unsurpassed 3D scanning speed with a tunable sampling rate. The system combines an acoustic liquid lens for continuous axial focus translation with a resonant scanning mirror. Accordingly, the excitation beam follows a dynamic Lissajous trajectory enabling sub-millisecond acquisitions of image series containing 3D information at a sub-Nyquist sampling rate. By temporal accumulation and/or advanced interpolation algorithms, the volumetric imaging rate is selectable using a post-processing step at the desired spatiotemporal resolution for events of interest. We demonstrate multicolor and calcium imaging over volumes of tens of cubic microns with 3D acquisition speeds of 30 Hz and frame rates up to 5 kHz.Multispectral imaging (MSI) of the retina and choroid has increasing interest for better diagnosis and treatment evaluation of eye diseases. However, currently available MSI systems have a limited field of view (FOV) to evaluate the peripheral retina. This study is to validate trans-pars-planar illumination for a contact-mode ultra-widefield MSI system. By freeing the available pupil for collecting imaging light only, the trans-pars-planar illumination enables a portable, non-mydriatic fundus camera, with 200° FOV in a single fundus image. The trans-pars-planar illumination, delivering illumination light from one side of the eye, naturally enables oblique illumination ophthalmoscopy to enhance the contrast of fundus imaging. A broadband (104 nm) 565 nm light-emitting diode (LED) is used for validating color fundus imaging first. Four narrowband (17-60 nm) 530 nm, 625 nm, 780 nm, and 970 nm LEDs are tested for MSI. With 530 nm illumination, the fundus image reveals retinal vasculature predominantly. 625 nm and 780 nm illuminations enhance the visibility of choroidal vasculature. With further increased wavelength of 970 nm, the fundus image is predominated by large veins in the choroid, with multiple vortex ampullas observed simultaneously in a single fundus image.Wound healing and other surgical technologies traditionally solved by suturing and stapling have recently been enhanced by the application of laser tissue welding. The usage of high energy laser radiation to anastomose tissues eliminates a foreign body reaction, reduces scar formation, and allows for the creation of watertight closure. Ispinesib clinical trial In the current work, we show that an ultrafast pulsed fibre laser beam with 183 µJ·cm-2 energy fluence at 1550 nm provides successful welding of dissected chicken heart walls with the tensile strength of 1.03±0.12 kg·cm-2 equal to that of native tissue. The welding process was monitored employing fluorescence spectroscopy that detects the biochemical composition of tissues. We believe that fluorescence spectroscopy guided laser tissue welding is a promising approach for decreasing wound healing times and the avoiding risks of postoperative complications.Over the past decade, an increasing body of evidence has suggested that three-dimensional (3-D) Monte Carlo (MC) light transport simulations are affected by the inherent limitations and errors of voxel-based domain boundaries. In this work, we specifically address this challenge using a hybrid MC algorithm, namely split-voxel MC or SVMC, that combines both mesh and voxel domain information to greatly improve MC simulation accuracy while remaining highly flexible and efficient in parallel hardware, such as graphics processing units (GPU). We achieve this by applying a marching-cubes algorithm to a pre-segmented domain to extract and encode sub-voxel information of curved surfaces, which is then used to inform ray-tracing computation within boundary voxels. This preservation of curved boundaries in a voxel data structure demonstrates significantly improved accuracy in several benchmarks, including a human brain atlas. The accuracy of the SVMC algorithm is comparable to that of mesh-based MC (MMC), but runs 2x-6x faster and requires only a lightweight preprocessing step. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in our open-source software and is freely available at http//mcx.space.Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major burden on healthcare services worldwide, where scientific and clinical innovation is needed to provide better understanding of biochemical damage to improve both pre-hospital assessment and intensive care monitoring. Here, we present an unconventional concept of using Raman spectroscopy to measure the biochemical response to the retina in an ex-vivo murine model of TBI. Through comparison to spectra from the brain and retina following injury, we elicit subtle spectral changes through the use of multivariate analysis, linked to a decrease in cardiolipin and indicating metabolic disruption. The ability to classify injury severity via spectra of the retina is demonstrated for severe TBI (82.0 %), moderate TBI (75.1 %) and sham groups (69.4 %). By showing that optical spectroscopy can be used to explore the eye as the window to the brain, we lay the groundwork for further exploitation of Raman spectroscopy for indirect, non-invasive assessment of brain chemistry.
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