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Herniation of brain parenchyma outside its normal enclosure (also known as encephalocele) has long been known to occur at certain classic sites and is classified accordingly. With widespread use of modern neuroimaging, the previously unknown atypical and rare sites of encephalocele have now been identified. Brain herniation into a dural venous sinus is one such recently described entity with case reports extending only upto the earlier part of this decade. With no definite clinical symptomatology, imaging is crucial to diagnose this lesion accurately and differentiate it from the more familiar entity in this region of the brain, the arachnoid granulations. Also known as occult encephalocele, focal brain herniation into dural venous sinus has few specific imaging features and characteristic sites. We report a case of a 21-year-old man with partial seizures in whom MRI of the brain revealed focal herniation of the normal temporal lobe parenchyma into the left transverse sinus and discuss the key imaging features and pathophysiology of this entity.An intraspinal bronchogenic cyst is a rare but important cause of compressive cord myelopathy, commonly seen in the cervicothoracic spine. We report a case of a 30-year-old female, presented with complaints of neck pain and progressive weakness of the extremities. The magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine revealed an intradural extramedullary, well-defined, multiloculated, cystic lesion in the upper cervical canal extending from the C2 to C5 vertebral levels. To our knowledge, only 11 cases of spinal bronchogenic cysts have been reported in the literature so far. We discuss the rare location of this unusual lesion, possible embryological reasons, and the overall surgical outcome.Perineural cysts are usually described in Lumbosacral region and are uncommonly seen in cervical spine. These are mostly asymptomatic, with only a few cases of symptomatic cervical perineural cysts. No previous case report of perineural cyst causing C8/T1 radiculoneuropathy mimicking clinically as Carpal tunnel syndrome is reported in the literature. We report a case of elderly female who was operated for presumed Carpal tunnel syndrome. However, her symptoms did not improve. The MRI of the patient revealed presence of perineural cysts at the level of C8/T1 exiting nerve root, compressing it and causing the symptoms. We present the clinical, nerve conduction study and radiological presentation of cervical perineural cyst mimicking Carpal tunnel syndrome in this patient.Avulsion injuries of adductor frequently involve the proximal origin. We report the first case of avulsion fracture of adductor magnus at its insertion and discuss the relevant anatomy.Melorheostosis is an uncommon mesenchymal dysplasia manifesting as regions of sclerosing bone with a characteristic flowing candle wax appearance. We describe here a rare presentation of melhoreostosis with the intra-articular extension of the disease in the knee joint and causing medial patellar impingement.The COL4A1 gene (COL4A1) plays an important role in vascular basement membrane function and pathogenic mutations have been reported in mice and humans. The gene is expressed mainly in the human brain, eyes and kidneys. Pathogenic mutations result in a vast array of manifestations that can present throughout life including the foetal period. We present a case of an 11-year-old girl with right hemiparesis, congenital cataracts, epilepsy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain findings with a pathogenic COL4A1 mutation. Many of her clinical features are similar to those of a non-genetic cause of cerebral palsy highlighting the difficulties and delays in making this genetic diagnosis.
To evaluate the role of strain elastography (SE) in reclassification of indeterminate breast lesions placed under BIRADS 3 and 4 categories by conventional ultrasound (US) parameters so as to recourse biopsy only for suspicious stiffer lesions.

113 breast lesions in 100 women assigned as BIRADS category 3 and 4 on US parameters were prospectively evaluated by SE followed by histo-pathological examination. Strain ratio (SR) and Elastography Score (ES) were determined for each lesion. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for each modality and diagnostic performance were compared. The best cut-off point was calculated for each of the elastography parameter using the receiver operator curve analysis (ROC).

Out of the 113 lesions, 40 were malignant (35.4%) and 73 were benign (64.6%). A statistically significant difference was observed in the AUC for ES and conventional US 0.98 vs 0.90 (Difference = 0.08,
= 0.02). Elastoies. Elastography score is a better parameter as compared to strain ratio.Respiratory distress is one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Factors such as gestational age at birth, pulmonary maturity, and congenital factors are peculiar to this demographic. selleck chemicals llc Clinical evaluation accompanied by chest radiography is the standard protocol for evaluating the underlying causative factors. Knowledge of the radiographic appearances of various pathologies and associations with certain congenital factors is quintessential for radiologists and primary neonatal care providers to steer the management in the right direction.
Our objective was to investigate the accuracy of quantitative diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to determine the histopathologic diagnosis of pediatric head and neck lesions.

This retrospective study included 100 pediatric patients recently diagnosed with head and neck tumors. All patients underwent preoperative conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and DWI. Each lesion was evaluated according to signal characteristics, enhancement pattern, and diffusivity. The average apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) obtained from each tumor was compared to the histological diagnosis of benign, locally malignant, or malignant categories.

Our retrospective study showed a significant negative correlation between average ADC and tumor histopathologic diagnosis (
< 0.001,
= -0.54). The mean ADC values of benign, locally malignant lesions, and malignant tumors were 1.65 ± 0.58 × 10
, 1.43 ± 0.17 × 10
, and 0.83 ± 0.23 × 10
mm
s
, respectively. The ADC values of benign and locally malignant lesions were overlapped.
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