Notes

Shall we be held Flying Yet? Time period of Preset Swap Price Regimes.
1 source apportionment results calculated using Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) from the same sampling campaign. PMF distinguished Diesel+Motor Oil from Gasoline+Motor Oil+Meat Cooking+Natural Gas+SOA based on the species EC3 (a sub-fraction of elemental carbon that is volatilized and oxidized at temperatures between 700 and 775 °C), but PMF failed to further resolve the major sources of PM0.1 OC because unique tracers were not measured. PMF resolved "Shipping and other heavy fuel oil combustion" and Sea Spray sources based on inorganic tracers V and Br. The PMF factor rich in Sb very likely comes from brake wear associated with on-road vehicles and railway operations. The undefined Sn factor may be indicative of local industrial sources and traffic emission, but further research will be required to confirm this hypothesis. The PM0.1 source apportionment results contained in the current study further characterize the seasonal and spatial patterns of UFP concentrations in California. Few studies have investigated the acute effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the risk of stroke subtypes and transient ischemic attack (TIA) in low- and middle-income countries. The primary aim of this study was to assess the associations between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and daily hospital admissions for total cerebrovascular disease, ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, and TIA in China. A total of 8,359,162 hospital admissions in 248 Chinese cities from 2013 to 2017 were identified from the Hospital Quality Monitoring System of China. Generalized additive models with quasi-Poisson regression were used to estimate the associations in each city, and random-effect meta-analyses were conducted to combine the city-specific estimates. We found that a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration was significantly associated with a 0.19% (95% CI, 0.13% to 0.25%), 0.26% (95% CI, 0.17% to 0.35%), and 0.26% (95% CI, 0.13% to 0.38%) increase in same-day hospital admissions for total cerebrovascular disease, ischemic stroke, and TIA, respectively. In contrast, a non-significant negative association with PM2.5 was observed for hemorrhagic stroke in the main analyses (lag 0 day), which became statistically significant when using other single-day exposures (lag 1 or 2 days) or moving average exposures (lag 0-1, 0-2, or 0-3 days) as exposure metric. These associations were robust to adjustment for other criteria air pollutants in two-pollutant models. For ischemic stroke, the effect estimates were significantly larger in people aged 65-74 years, in cool season, and in cities with lower annual average PM2.5 concentrations. The exposure-response curves were nonlinear with a leveling off at high concentrations. These results contribute to the relatively limited literature on the PM2.5-related risks of cerebrovascular events in low- and middle-income countries. Phosphorus (P) resource availability is declining and the efficiency of applied nutrients in agricultural soils is becoming increasingly important. This is especially true for P fertilizers from recycled materials, which often have low plant availability. Specific co-fertilization with ammonium can enhance P plant availability in soils amended with these P fertilizers, and thus the yield of plants. To investigate this effect, we performed a pot experiment with maize in slightly acidic soil (pH 6.9) with one water-soluble (triple superphosphate [TSP]) and two water-insoluble (sewage sludge-based and hyperphosphate [Hyp]) P fertilizers and an ammonium sulfate nitrate with or without a nitrification inhibitor (NI). The dry matter yield of maize was significantly increased by the NI with the Hyp (from 14.7 to 21.5 g/pot) and TSP (from 40.0 to 45.4 g/pot) treatments. Furthermore, P uptake was slightly increased in all three P treatments with the NI, but not significantly. Olsen-P extraction and P K-edge micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy showed that apatite-P of the water-insoluble P fertilizers mobilized during the plant growth period. In addition, novel nitrogen (N) K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy and the Mogilevkina method showed that the application of an NI increased the fixation of ammonium in detectable hot spots in the soil. Thus, the delay in the nitrification process by the NI and the possible slow-release of temporarily fixed ammonium in the soil resulted in a high amount of plant available ammonium in the soil solution. This development probably decreases the rhizosphere pH due to release of H+ by plants during ammonium uptake, which mobilizes phosphorus in the amended soil and increases the dry matter yield of maize. This is especially important for water-insoluble apatite-based P fertilizers (conventional and recycled), which tend to have poor plant availability. The combustion of conventional fuels within the transportation sector is a crucial driver of global warming and produces a number of harmful emissions. To decrease these adverse factors, the development of synthetic fuels produced from renewable energy sources via the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) has progressed significantly. Eco-friendly fuels have a reduced impact on the environment throughout their production and use cycles. In recent years, the use of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEn) as fuels has received an increasing amount of attention, owing to their engine performance and reduced environmental impact. The specific target of this paper is to systematically review the field of PODEn application-based additives as fuel for internal combustion engines. selleck chemical The background and highlights of current and future applications of PODEn are also discussed, and the challenges associated with the use of this additive are also briefly reviewed. A number of studies have shown that the use of fuel mixtures with up to 10% PODE3-4 can have a significant impact on the reduction of engine emissions. PODEn have been shown to reduce the emissions of soot, particulates, CO, and HC under different parameters and working conditions, although NOx and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) emissions have been found to increase. Additionally, PODEn can be produced from natural gas or electric power via CO2 activation in a sustainable manner, which represents a significant benefit with regard to the use of oil-based products. Finally, fossil fuels blended with PODEn can be easily ignited and burned at stoichiometric conditions. V.
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