Notes

Tai-chi along with Pilates with regard to Bettering Equilibrium on a single Knee: Any Neuroimaging along with Dysfunction Examine.
e increasing in popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, many aspects of these conferences could be improved for better organization.Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is one of the most popular and deeply biologically motivated forms of unsupervised Hebbian-type learning. In this article, we propose a variant of STDP extended by an additional activation-dependent scale factor. The consequent learning rule is an efficient algorithm, which is simple to implement and applicable to spiking neural networks (SNNs). It is demonstrated that the proposed plasticity mechanism combined with competitive learning can serve as an effective mechanism for the unsupervised development of receptive fields (RFs). Furthermore, the relationship between synaptic scaling and lateral inhibition is explored in the context of the successful development of RFs. Specifically, we demonstrate that maintaining a high level of synaptic scaling followed by its rapid increase is crucial for the development of neuronal mechanisms of selectivity. The strength of the proposed solution is assessed in classification tasks performed on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) data set with an accuracy level of 94.65% (a single network) and 95.17% (a network committee)--comparable to the state-of-the-art results of single-layer SNN architectures trained in an unsupervised manner. Furthermore, the training process leads to sparse data representation and the developed RFs have the potential to serve as local feature detectors in multilayered spiking networks. We also prove theoretically that when applied to linear Poisson neurons, our rule conserves total synaptic strength, guaranteeing the convergence of the learning process.Intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) provide people with paralysis a means to control devices with signals decoded from brain activity. Despite recent impressive advances, these devices still cannot approach able-bodied levels of control. To achieve naturalistic control and improved performance of neural prostheses, iBCIs will likely need to include proprioceptive feedback. With the goal of providing proprioceptive feedback via mechanical haptic stimulation, we aim to understand how haptic stimulation affects motor cortical neurons and ultimately, iBCI control. We provided skin shear haptic stimulation as a substitute for proprioception to the back of the neck of a person with tetraplegia. The neck location was determined via assessment of touch sensitivity using a monofilament test kit. The participant was able to correctly report skin shear at the back of the neck in 8 unique directions with 65% accuracy. We found motor cortical units that exhibited sensory responses to shear stimuli, some of which were strongly tuned to the stimuli and well modeled by cosine-shaped functions. We also demonstrated online iBCI cursor control with continuous skin-shear feedback driven by decoded command signals. Cursor control performance increased slightly but significantly when the participant was given haptic feedback, compared to the purely visual feedback condition.Kinesthetic haptic devices are designed primarily to display quasistatic and low-bandwidth forces and moments. Existing methods for vibrotactile display sometimes introduce haptic and/or audio artifacts. In this paper, we propose a method to display vibrotactile stimulus signals of moderate to high frequency (20--500Hz) using kinesthetic haptic devices with a standard 1kHz haptic update rate. Our method combines symmetric square-wave signals whose periods are even multiples of the haptic update period with asymmetric square-wave signals whose periods are odd multiples of the haptic update period, while ensuring that the positive and negative impulses are balanced in both cases, and utilizing the just noticeable difference in frequency discrimination to avoid the need to display other frequencies. For frequencies at which the above method is insufficient, corresponding to a small band near 400Hz for a 1kHz update rate, we utilize a signal-mixing method. Our complete method is then extended to render haptic gratings by measuring scanning velocity, converting the local spatial frequency to its equivalent instantaneous temporal frequency, and displaying a single full-period vibration event. In a series of human-subject studies, we showed that our proposed method is preferred over existing methods for vibrotactile display of signals with relatively high-frequency content.Metamaterials are solid lattices with periodicities commensurate with desired wavelengths. Their geometric features can endow the bulk material with unusual properties such as, inter alia, negative indices of refraction or unique absorbing qualities. Mesoscale metamaterials can be designed to cause the occurence of "phononic crystals" in the ultrasonic domain. These localised phenomena induce fixed boundary conditions that correspond to acoustic mirrors which, in turn, can be used to establish waveguides in thin plates. Isradipine concentration Ultrasonic lubrication has been successfully applied to create haptic interfaces that operate by modulating the apparent friction of a surface. In this study we demonstrate that phononic crystals can be designed to localise the modulation of friction in specific portions of the surface of a thin plate, opening novel possibilities for the design of surface haptic interfaces.Stroke survivors are often left suffering from gait instability due to hemiparesis. This gait dysfunction can lead to higher fall rates and an overall decrease in quality of life. Though there are many post-stroke gait rehabilitation methods in use currently, none of them allow patients to regain complete functionality. Interlimb coordination is one of the main mechanisms of walking and is usually overlooked in most post-stroke gait rehabilitation protocols. This work attempts to help further understand the mechanism of interlimb coordination and how the brain is involved in it, studying the contralateral response to unilateral stiffness perturbations. A unique robotic device, the Variable Stiffness Treadmill (VST), is used in conjunction with a pre-established neuromuscular gait model to analyze for the first time the supraspinal control mechanisms involved in inter-leg coordination induced after unilateral perturbations. The attempt to explain the observed kinematic and muscular activation data via the gait model results in the identification of two control variables that seem to play an important role in gait stability and recovery after perturbations the target angle of attack and target hip to ankle span.
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