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Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions have been regarded as promising candidates for photocatalytic water splitting and solar energy conversion. Here, we propose a two-dimensional GeC/GaN vdW heterostructure, where the GaN monolayer and the GeC monolayer are stacked. The binding energy, phonon spectrum, and elastic constants demonstrate this material's high dynamic and mechanical stability. Most notably, the GW band structure, GW + Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) optical absorption spectrum, and the band alignment of the density functional theory (DFT) scheme and empirical formula reveal that the GeC/GaN vdW heterostructures have a dramatically high optical absorption coefficient (∼105 cm-1) in the visible region and a suitable band edge with sufficiently large kinetic overpotentials of the hydrogen evolution reaction (ΔEc ≥ 1.945 eV) and the oxygen evolution reaction (ΔEv ≥ 1.244 eV). Photogenerated electrons and holes aggregate on the GeC monolayer and GaN monolayer surfaces, respectively, which could make this heterojunction a promising candidate for photocatalytic water splitting and solar energy conversion.Electrocatalysts with high activities toward multiple electrode reactions are scarce and therefore highly sought. Sardomozide Here, we investigate the electrocatalytic performance of the two-dimensional (2D) Pt5Se4 monolayer toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Our density functional theory calculations show that the Pt5Se4 monolayer can serve as a low-Pt-loading trifunctional electrocatalyst with good kinetic and thermal stabilities. Specifically, the HER performance of the Pt5Se4 basal plane is predicted to be superior to that of 2D layered Pd or Pt dichalcogenides. Even considering the solvent effect, the catalytic OER performance of the Pt5Se4 monolayer is predicted to be comparable to the prevalent OER catalyst-IrO2, while the catalytic ORR performance of the Pt5Se4 monolayer is even higher than the predominating Pt(111) surface. Overall, the Pt5Se4 monolayer can be a promising trifunctional catalyst that exhibits high activities toward all hydrogen and oxygen electrode reactions.Recent findings of an unexpected slowdown in the decline of CFC-11 mixing ratios in the atmosphere have led to the conclusion that global CFC-11 emissions have increased over the past decade and have been attributed in part to eastern China. This study independently assesses these findings by evaluating enhancements of CFC-11 mixing ratios in air samples collected in Taiwan between 2014 and 2018. Using the NAME (Numerical Atmospheric Modeling Environment) particle dispersion model, we find the likely source of the enhanced CFC-11 observed in Taiwan to be East China. Other halogenated trace gases were also measured, and there were positive interspecies correlations between CFC-11 and CHCl3, CCl4, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, CH2Cl2, and HCFC-22, indicating co-location of the emissions of these compounds. These correlations in combination with published emission estimates of CH2Cl2 and HCFC-22 from China, and of CHCl3 and CCl4 from eastern China, are used to estimate CFC-11 emissions. Within the uncertainties, these estimates do not differ for eastern China and the whole of China, so we combine them to derive a mean estimate that we term as being from "(eastern) China". For 2014-2018, we estimate an emission of 19 ± 5 Gg year-1 (gigagrams per year) of CFC-11 from (eastern) China, approximately one-quarter of global emissions. Comparing this to previously reported CFC-11 emissions estimated for earlier years, we estimate CFC-11 emissions from (eastern) China to have increased by 7 ± 5 Gg year-1 from the 2008-2011 average to the 2014-2018 average, which is 50 ± 40% of the estimated increase in global CFC-11 emissions and is consistent with the emission increases attributed to this region in an earlier study.Driven by global warming and eutrophication, outbreaks of cyanobacterial blooms have severely impacted ecosystem stability and water safety. Of the organisms used to control cyanobacteria, protozoa can highly resist cyanotoxins, efficiently control cyanobacterial populations, and show considerably different feeding strategies from those of metazoans. Thus, protozoa have great potential to control harmful cyanobacteria and improve phytoplankton composition in eutrophic waters. To evaluate the actual effects of protozoa in controlling cyanobacteria and improving the phytoplankton community structure in the field, an in situ microcosm study was performed using a flagellate Ochromonas gloeopara that ingests Microcystis. Results showed that adding Ochromonas reduced the cyanobacterial populations and increased the chlorophyte and diatom proportions. Furthermore, the species richness and diversity of the phytoplankton community were enhanced in microcosms with Ochromonas. Additionally, there was a gradual increase in the chlorophyte population in the unicellular Microcystis control, while Ochromonas addition significantly accelerated the replacement of dominant species. This study was the first to show the practical effects of protozoa on controlling cyanobacteria in the field, highlighting that a reduction in in situ cyanobacteria via protozoa can improve the phytoplankton community structure, dredge the toxic cyanobacteria-dominated microbial food web, and mitigate harmful cyanobacteria risks in fresh waters.Various two-dimension (2D) side-chain substituted benzo(1,2-b4,5-b')dithiophene (BDT) block have been used to construct donor polymers, while the size effect of side-chains on photovoltaic performance was overlooked in past few years. This work, three size varied conjugated space (benzene, naphthalene and biphenyl) were introduced into corresponding polymers PBDB-Ph, PBDB-Na and PBDB-BPh. This space engineering has significant impact on the extent of phase separation in active layer which blended with polymer and acceptor ITCPTC and preserved the desired morphology. Varied space size in side-chains leading to distinct balance mobility ratios of hole to electron (benzene is 0.21, and for naphthalene is 0.75, biphenyl is 0.57). Finally, PBDB-Na-based polymer solar cells (PSCs) deliver the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) 12.52% when compared to the PSCs performance of PBDB-Ph (8.48%) and PBDB-BPh (11.35%). The mothed of tailoring the side-chains structures for fabricating balance between phase separation and charge transport would provide enlightenment for the development of photovoltaic device.
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