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The renal transplantation is the best treatment for end-stage renal disease in children. We present the findings of an analysis of our institution's paediatric transplant outcomes comparing recipients under 15kg, who represent this potentially higher risk group, to those above 15kg.

We retrospectively identified consecutive paediatric kidney transplants from a prospectively collected database for analysis. We included all recipients under the age of 18years at the time of transplant between 2006 and 2018 without any exclusion criteria. The primary outcome was death-censored graft survival at 1year, 5years and 10years.

109 paediatric kidney transplants were performed in 100 children. Graft survival in the all population was 98%, 96% and 76% at 1year, 5years and 10years, respectively. Recipient weight below 15kg was not found to be a risk factor of graft loss. Overall, we found no individual factor to be statistically significantly associated with renal graft lost. The overall complication rate was 16% (18/109) with 12 early complications (11%) and 6 late ones (5%).

Kidney transplantation in children weighing < 15kg seems safe and offers the same patient and graft survival outcomes as in other (> 15kg) pediatric recipients with equally low complication rates.
 15 kg) pediatric recipients with equally low complication rates.
To describe the novel technique of photoselective sharp enucleation of the prostate (PSEP) with a front-firing 532-nm laser and evaluate its efficacy and safety.

A seven-step standardized surgical procedure was established, and PSEP was performed in an en bloc or lobulate manner according to the size of the middle lobe of the prostate. The following clinical data of 583 patients who underwent PSEP in our center from November 2016 to May 2018 were retrospectively reviewed maximum flow rate (Q
), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life score (Q
), post-void residual volume (PVR), prostate volume, operation time, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, and complications at 1, 6, and 12months postoperatively.

Of the 583 patients, 475 had complete clinical information and were included in the study. The median operation time was 39min. There were significant improvements in the Q
, IPSS, Q
, PVR and PSA concentration at each follow-up time point postoperatively. Ruboxistaurin hydrochloride Postoperles problem associated with photoselective vaporization of the prostate.
The urethro-vesical anastomosis represents one of the most challenging steps of robotic prostatectomy (RARP). To maximize postoperative management, we specifically designed our anastomosis quality score (AQS), based on the intraoperative characteristics of the urethra and bladder neck.

This is a prospective study, conducted from April 2019 to March 2020. All the patients were classified into three different AQS categories (low, intermediate, high) based on the quality of the anastomosis. The postoperative management was modulated accordingly.

We enrolled 333 patients. According to AQS, no differences were recorded in intraoperative complications (p = 0.9). Median hospital stay and catheterization time were longer in AQS 1 group (p < 0.001). Additionally, the occurrence of postoperative complication was higher in AQS 1 category (p = 0.002) but, when focusing on the complications related to the quality of the anastomosis, no differences were found neither for acute urinary retention (p = 0.12) nor urine leakage (p = 0.11). Finally, concerning the continence recovery, no significant differences were found among the three groups for each time point. The highest potency recovery rate at one month of follow-up was recorded in AQS 3 category (p = 0. 03).

The AQS proposed revealed to be a valid too to intraoperatively categorize patients who underwent RARP on the basis of the urethral and bladder neck features. The modulated postoperative management for each specific score category allowed to limit the occurrence of complications and to maximize the functional outcomes.
The AQS proposed revealed to be a valid too to intraoperatively categorize patients who underwent RARP on the basis of the urethral and bladder neck features. The modulated postoperative management for each specific score category allowed to limit the occurrence of complications and to maximize the functional outcomes.
To clarify the incidence of and risk factors for febrile urinary tract infection in children with persistent vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) after the discontinuation of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP), retrospective chart review was performed.

Among children with primary VUR at 10years of age or younger at presentation, those who had persistent VUR despite conservative management with CAP and who were subsequently followed after discontinuation of CAP were included. Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox's proportional hazard regression model were used for evaluation of the incidence of and risk factors for febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) after stopping CAP.

Among 144 children (99 boys and 45 girls), fUTI developed in 34. The 5-year fUTI-free rate after discontinuation of CAP was 69.4%. On multivariate analyses, girls (p = 0.008) and abnormalities on nuclear renal scans (p = 0.0019), especially focal defect (p = 0.0471), were significant factors for fUTI. Although the fUTI-free rate was not different between children who had no or 1 risk factor, it was significantly lower in children with 2 risk factors than in those with no or 1 risk factor.

The present study revealed that girls and abnormal renal scan, especially focal defect, are risk factors for fUTI. Active surveillance without CAP for persistent VUR seems to be a safe option for children with no or 1 risk factor. Prophylactic surgery or careful conservative follow-up may be an option for girls with abnormal renal scan results if VUR persists under CAP.
The present study revealed that girls and abnormal renal scan, especially focal defect, are risk factors for fUTI. Active surveillance without CAP for persistent VUR seems to be a safe option for children with no or 1 risk factor. Prophylactic surgery or careful conservative follow-up may be an option for girls with abnormal renal scan results if VUR persists under CAP.
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