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The mechanical behavior of dermal tissues is unarguably recognized for its diagnostic ability and in the last decades received a steadily increasing interest in dermatology practices. Among the various methods to investigate the mechanics of skin in clinical environments, suction-based ones are especially noteworthy, thanks to their qualities of minimal invasiveness and relative simplicity of setups and data analysis. In such experiments, structural visualization of the sample is highly desirable, both in its own right and because it enables elastography. AZD1390 research buy The latter is a technique that combines the knowledge of an applied mechanical stimulus and the visualization of the induced deformation to result in a spatially resolved map of the mechanical properties, which is particularly important for an inhomogeneous and layered material such as skin. We present a device, designed for clinical trials in dermatology practices, that uses a handheld probe to (1) deliver a suction-based, controlled mechanical stimulus and (2) visualize the subsurface structure via optical coherence tomography. We also present a device-agnostic data-analysis framework, consisting of a Python library, released in the public domain. We show the working principle of the setup on a polymeric model and on a volunteer's skin.Optical characterization of small samples over a wide spectral range with rapid data acquisition is essential for the analysis of many material systems, such as 2D van der Waals layers and their heterostructures. Here, we present the design and implementation of a tabletop micro-spectroscopy system covering the near-infrared to the vacuum-ultraviolet (1.2 eV-6.8 eV or ∼1.0 μm to 185 nm) using mostly off-the-shelf components. It can measure highly reproducible local reflectance spectra with a total integration time of a few minutes and a full-width-half-maximum spot size of 2.7 by 5.6 μm. For precise positioning, the design also allows simultaneous monitoring of the measurement location and the wide-field image of the sample. We demonstrate ultra-broadband reflectance spectra of exfoliated thin flakes of several wide-gap 2D materials, including ZnPS3, hexagonal BN, and Ca(OH)2.Equilibrium analysis in fusion devices usually relies on plasma pressure profiles and magnetic measurements outside the plasma. The kinetic profiles can give indirect information about the equilibrium magnetic field, while the stationary magnetic diagnostics cannot resolve current distributions on a smaller scale. This work presents a reciprocating magnetic probe, designed to provide direct plasma response measurements of the magnetic field in the scrape-off layer of Wendelstein 7-X. Hardware design and frequency characteristics are discussed, and a post-processing technique for extending the lower frequency cutoff of the integration scheme is presented.In this Note, first, the calculation errors of elastic moduli and internal frictions using the explicit formulas in the traditional and modified piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT and M-PUCOT) are comparatively studied when the frequency match condition is not satisfied. Then, new implicit formulas free of frequency match are proposed for the three-component M-PUCOT. Finally, the measurement results on a lead zirconate titanate ferroelectric ceramic from room temperature to 500 °C by using the pervious explicit formulas and the new implicit formulas are compared. The results show that when the frequency mismatch is within 15%, the induced error by using the explicit formulas is less than 0.5% and 2.5% for moduli and internal frictions, respectively. When the frequency mismatch is over 15%, the implicit formulas are suggested to improve the accuracy of M-PUCOT.Cubic spline interpolation is able to recover temporally and spectrally resolved soft x-ray fluxes from an array of K-edge filtered x-ray diodes without the need for a priori assumptions about the spectrum or the geometry of the emitting volume. The mathematics of the cubic spline interpolation is discussed in detail. The analytic nature of the cubic spline solution allows for analytical error propagation, and the method of calculating the error for radiation temperature, spectral power, and confidence intervals of the unfolded spectrally resolved flux is explained. An unfold of a blackbody model demonstrates the accuracy of the cubic spline unfold. Tests of cubic spline performance using spectrally convolved detailed atomic model simulation results have been performed to measure the method's ability to conserve spectral power to within a factor of 2 or better in line-dominated regimes. The unfold is also demonstrated to work when information from the x-ray diode array is limited due to high signal-to-noise ratios or the lack of signal due to over-attenuation or over-filtration of the x-ray diode signal. The robustness of the unfold with respect to background subtraction and raw signal processing, signal alignment between diode traces, limited signal information, and initial conditions is discussed. Results from an example analysis of a halfraum drive are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the unfold in comparison with previously established methods.To shorten the length of the pulse-forming line (PFL) and generate pulses with good flat-top quality, a 5-GW Tesla-type pulse generator based on a mixed PFL is developed in this paper to produce intense electron beams and generate high-power microwaves (HPMs). The mixed PFL is composed of a coaxial PFL and a multistage series annular PFL, which, in turn, consists of 18 coaxial-output capacitor-loaded annular PFL modules in series. The generator can produce quasi-square electrical pulses with a width of 43 ns and a peak power of 5 GW on a matched load. In experiments where it is used to drive a relative backward-wave oscillator to generate HPMs, the results show that the HPM frequency is 16.15 GHz and the power is 1.06 GW with an efficiency of 25% when the voltage of the diode is 620 kV and the beam current is 6.9 kA.A stacking strategy to construct a light-weight collimator is proposed in this paper by which micro-aperture arrays can be assembled as a novel Söller collimator. Compared to Söller collimators made from conventional methods, our strategy enabled a substantial mass reduction up to 67% for a field of view of 2°. 21 micro-aperture arrays were fabricated by fiber laser drilling, and the Söller collimator was thereafter afforded by stacking and aligning the arrays. The processing consistency of the arrays and the alignment of the assembled collimator were examined by optical microscopy and x-ray computer tomography. Collimation tests were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the stacking strategy. Based on this new strategy, higher aspect ratios can be fulfilled, which also allows for a significant mass reduction compared to the conventional Söller collimator.
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