Notes

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40; p less then .001) with emotional and behavioural problems amongst children. In the broader social domain, peer violence (β = .29; p less then .001) had a direct association with children's emotional and behavioural problems. Several indirect paths demonstrated a chain of relationships involving family- and society-level factors and emotional and behavioural problems in children. see more Only longitudinal data can provide further support for veridical causal pathways linking family and social factors with adverse emotional and behavioural outcomes in offspring of refugees, thereby supporting mechanisms leading to a transgenerational transmission of adverse mental health outcomes in refugee populations. Such data would give further support for a multisectoral approach to dealing with at risk families in refugee populations, in which attention should focus on supporting parents, and promoting the protection of children from abuse in the family and in the wider society.Background Surgical educator effectiveness is valued but lacks an operational definition. Clearly defining attributes consistent with effective surgical educators allows for the development of professional activities directed to nurture these qualities. Our aim was to identify the literature defining qualities of an effective surgical educator, and tools to measure effectiveness. Methods We searched PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Academic Search Complete for English language articles from 1 July 2009-1 July 2019. Two reviewers screened all abstracts for relevance and read full text of selected articles to identify included studies. Inclusion criteria were description/definition of an effective surgical educator or description of assessment/measurement of effectiveness in surgical educators. Data extracted included study design, participants, definition/description of qualities of an effective surgical educator, qualitative or quantitative methods to assess surgical educators. Results Initial search identified 8086 articles. Of these, 2357 articles were excluded as duplicates and 5729 abstracts screened with 5638 excluded due to irrelevance. Full text review was performed for 91 articles to assess eligibility, 23 met inclusion criteria. The majority (74%) did not clearly define an effective surgical educator. Themes from six studies that determined important qualities include communication, leadership skills, professionalism, respect, positive learning climate, and brief-intraoperative teaching-debrief model. One validated assessment tool was identified. Conclusions There is little published work defining or assessing effective surgical educators. Establishment of a positive learning climate and excellent communication skills continue to be important qualities that define surgical educator effectiveness.Purpose While neural networks gain popularity in medical research, attempts to make the decisions of a model explainable are often only made towards the end of the development process once a high predictive accuracy has been achieved. Methods In order to assess the advantages of implementing features to increase explainability early in the development process, we trained a neural network to differentiate between MRI slices containing either a vestibular schwannoma, a glioblastoma, or no tumor. Results Making the decisions of a network more explainable helped to identify potential bias and choose appropriate training data. Conclusion Model explainability should be considered in early stages of training a neural network for medical purposes as it may save time in the long run and will ultimately help physicians integrate the network's predictions into a clinical decision.Purpose The aim of this study is to compare a qualitative and a quantitative assessment of brain diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in predicting outcome of comatose patients after cardiac arrest (CA). Methods Two observers used a scoring template to analyze the DWI of 75 patients. A total of 13 regions were scored from 0 to 3 (0 = normal, 1 = probably normal, 2 = probably abnormal, 3 = definitely abnormal). The total cerebral cortex (TCC), the total deep grey nuclei (TDGN), the total brain stem, the total cerebellum, and the total brain score were calculated. Intra- and inter-observer variability were tested. The mean whole brain apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and percentage of voxels below a specific ADC value cut-off were calculated. The data were correlated with clinical outcome (cerebral performance category score after 180 days, dichotomized in a score 1-2 with favorable outcome and score 3-5 with unfavorable outcome) using ROC analysis. Results Intra-observer variability was excellent for the TCC score (ICC 0.95 and 0.86) and the TDGN score (ICC 0.89 and 0.75). Inter-observer variability was good to excellent for total cerebral cortex score and total deep grey nuclei score in both the first (ICC 0.78 and 0.69) and third (ICC 0.86 and 0.83) image assessment. TCC and TDGN score show the best correlation with clinical outcome (highest AUC values 0.87 and 0.87). Quantitative parameters did not show good correlation with clinical outcome (AUC values 0.57 and 0.60). Conclusion A qualitative assessment of brain DWI using a scoring template provides useful data regarding patient outcome while quantitative data appeared less reliable.This article was published online with incorrect alignment in Table 4. Column and rows are out of order. The correct Table 4 is presented here. The original article has been corrected.The evidence is strong that bariatric surgery is superior to medical treatment in terms of weight loss and comorbidities in patients with severe obesity. However, a considerable part of patients presents with unsatisfactory response in the long term. It remains unclear whether postoperative administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues can promote additional benefits. Therefore, a systematic review of the current literature on the management of postoperative GLP-1 analogue usage after metabolic surgery was performed. From 4663 identified articles, 6 met the inclusion criteria, but only one was a randomized controlled trial. The papers reviewed revealed that GLP-1 analogues may have beneficial effects on additional weight loss and T2D remission postoperatively. Thus, the use of GLP-1 analogues in addition to surgery promises good results concerning weight loss and improvements of comorbidities and can be used in patients with unsatisfactory results after bariatric surgery.
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