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Brain-Machine Connects to aid your Impaired.
201701001) on January 12, 2017.Intraspinal inflammatory and immune responses are considered to play central roles in the pathological development of spinal cord injury. This study aimed to decipher the dynamics of systemic immune responses, initiated by spinal cord injury. The spinal cord in mice was completely transected at T8. Changes in the in vivo inflammatory response, between the acute and subacute stages, were observed. A rapid decrease in C-reactive protein levels, circulating leukocytes and lymphocytes, spleen-derived CD4+ interferon-γ+ T-helper cells, and inflammatory cytokines, and a marked increase in neutrophils, monocytes, and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells were observed during the acute phase. These systemic immune alterations were gradually restored to basal levels during the sub-acute phase. During the acute phase of spinal cord injury, systemic immune cells and factors showed significant inhibition; however, this inhibition was transient, and the indicators of these serious disorders gradually returned to baseline levels during the subacute phase. All experiments were performed in accordance with the institutional animal care guidelines, approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Experimental Animal Center of Drum Tower Hospital, China (approval No. 2019AE01040) on June 25, 2019.Singing, as a method of combining respiratory function exercise and vocal intonation therapy, provides a new direction for respiratory function exercise in patients with spinal cord injury. This randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of oral motor respiratory exercise and vocal intonation therapy on respiratory function and vocal quality in patients with spinal cord injury. Among 31 included patients with spinal cord injury, 18 completed the treatment. These 18 patients were randomly assigned to undergo music therapy (intervention group, 30 min/d, 5 times a week, for a total of 12 weeks; n = 9, 7 males and 2 females; 30.33 ± 11.74 years old) or normal respiratory training (control group, n = 9; 8 males and 1 female; 34.78 ± 11.13 years old). Both patient groups received routine treatment concurrently. Before and at 6 and 12 weeks after intervention, a standard respiratory function test, a voice test, the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, and a quality of life questionnaire were administered. The results showed that the inspiratory capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, maximal mid-expiratory flow rate, sing-loud pressure level, and sustained note length were significantly increased in the intervention group compared with the control group. The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire and quality of life results of patients in the intervention group were significantly superior to those in the control group. These findings suggest that oral motor respiratory exercise and vocal intonation therapy, as respiratory training methods in music therapy, are effective and valuable for improving respiratory dysfunction and vocal quality in patients with spinal cord injury. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of China Rehabilitation Research Center (approval No. 2019-78-1) on May 27, 2019 and was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number ChiCTR1900026922) on October 26, 2019.A potential treatment for retinal diseases is to induce an endogenous Müller glia (MG)-derived regenerative response to replace damaged neurons. read more In contrast to mammalian MG, zebrafish MG are capable of mediating spontaneous regeneration. We seek to define the mechanisms that enable retina regeneration in zebrafish in order to identify therapeutic targets to induce mammalian retina regeneration. We previously used pharmacological and genetic methods to inhibit gamma aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors in undamaged zebrafish retinas and showed that such inhibition could induce initiation of retina regeneration, as measured by the dedifferentiation of MG and the appearance of MG-derived proliferating progenitor cells. Here, we show that inhibition of a pharmacologically distinct subset of GABAA receptors (GABAA-ρ) can also induce retina regeneration. Dual inhibition of both GABA receptor subtypes led to enhanced retina regeneration. Gene expression analyses indicate that inhibition of GABAA-ρ receptors induces a canonical retinal regenerative response. Our results support a model in which decreased levels of GABA, such as would occur after retinal cell death or damage, induce dedifferentiation of MG and the generation of proliferating progenitor cells during zebrafish retina regeneration. Animal experiments were approved by the Vanderbilt's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol M1800200) on January 29, 2019.Administration of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) has shown some promise in the treatment of neurological conditions; however, there is limited information on combined administration. As such, the purpose of this study was to assess safety and functional outcomes for patients administered combined autologous PRP and BMAC for spinal cord injury (SCI). This retrospective case series included seven patients who received combined treatment of autologous PRP and BMAC via intravenous and intrathecal administration as salvage therapy for SCI. Patients were reviewed for adverse reactions and clinical outcomes using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for up to 1 year, as permitted by availability of follow-up data. Injury levels ranged from C3 through T11, and elapsed time between injury and salvage therapy ranged from 2.4 months to 6.2 years. Post-procedure complications were mild and rare, consisting only of self-limited headache and subjective memory impairment in one patient. Four patients experienced severe disability prior to PRP combined with BMAC injection, as evidenced by high (> 48/100) Oswestry Disability Index scores. Longitudinal Oswestry Disability Index scores for two patients with incomplete SCI at C6 and C7, both of whom had cervical spine injuries, demonstrated a decrease of 28-40% following salvage therapy, representing an improvement from severe to minimal disability. In conclusion, intrathecal/intravenous co-administration of PRP and BMAC resulted in no significant complications and may have had some clinical benefits. Larger clinical studies are needed to further test this method of treatment for patients with SCI who otherwise have limited meaningful treatment options. This study was reviewed and approved by the OhioHealth Institutional Review Board (IRB No. 1204946) on May 16, 2018.
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