Notes

Advances in Frontline Management of Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma.
One of the ten greatest public health achievements is childhood vaccination because of its impact controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Evidence-based immunization policies and practices are responsible for this success and are supported by epidemiology that has generated scientific evidence for informing policy and practice. The purpose of this report is to highlight the role of epidemiology in the development of immunization policy and successful intervention in public health practice that has resulted in a measurable public health impact the control and elimination of VPDs in the United States. Examples in which epidemiology informed immunization policy were collected from a literature review and consultation with experts who have been working in this field for the past 30 years. Epidemiologic examples (e.g., thimerosal-containing vaccines and the alleged association between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism) are presented to describe challenges that epidemiologists have addressed. Finally, we describe ongoing challenges to the nation's ability to sustain high vaccination coverage, particularly with concerns about vaccine safety and effectiveness, increasing use of religious and philosophical belief exemptions to vaccination, and vaccine hesitancy. Learning from past and current experiences may help epidemiologists anticipate and address current and future challenges to respond to emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, with new vaccines and enhance public health impact of immunization programs for years to come.
The purpose of this study was to compare research definitions of childhood asthma based on parent-reported data.

We conducted a multicenter, prospective cohort study of 921 infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis. Follow-up was conducted via biannual parent interviews. Asthma definitions were developed using parent-reported data clinician diagnosis by the age of 5years ("broad definition"), clinician diagnosis by the age of 5years with either asthma medication use or asthma symptoms during the age of 4-4.9years ("epidemiologic definition"), clinician diagnosis by the age of 5years with either long-term inhaled corticosteroid use or asthma symptoms during the age of 4-4.9years ("strict definition"), and a "flexible definition" met by any two of the three criteria in the epidemiologic definition. Asthma outcome definitions were evaluated using unadjusted associations with known major asthma risk factors and validated against the medical record in a subset (n=116).

Asthma prevalence for the broad definition was 294 of 875 (34%); epidemiologic definition, 235 of 859 (27%); strict definition, 229 of 859 (27%); and flexible definition, 364 of 826 (44%). Risk factors had similarly strong associations with definitions that required clinician diagnosis and weaker associations with the flexible definition. The epidemiologic and strict definitions had the highest specificity (96%) and positive predictive value (92%).

The parent report of clinician-diagnosed asthma correlates well with known asthma risk factors.
The parent report of clinician-diagnosed asthma correlates well with known asthma risk factors.
To assess cross-population linkages in HIV/AIDS epidemics, we tested the hypothesis that the number of newly diagnosed AIDS cases among Black people who inject drugs (PWID) was positively related to the natural log of the rate of newly diagnosed HIV infections among Black non-PWID heterosexuals in 84 large U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in 2008-2016.

We estimated a multilevel model centering the time-varying continuous exposures at baseline between the independent (Black PWID AIDS rates) and dependent (HIV diagnoses rate among Black heterosexuals) variables.

At MSA level, baseline (standardized β=0.12) Black PWID AIDS rates and change in these rates over time (standardized β=0.11) were positively associated with the log of new HIV diagnoses rates among Black heterosexuals. Thus, MSAs with Black PWID AIDS rates that were 1 standard deviation= higher at baseline also had rates of newly diagnosed HIV infections among Black non-PWID heterosexuals that were 10.3% higher. A 1 standard deviation increase in independent variable over time corresponded to a 7.8% increase in dependent variable.

Black PWID AIDS rates may predict HIV rates among non-PWID Black heterosexuals. Effective HIV programming may be predicated, in part, on addressing intertwining of HIV epidemics across populations.
Black PWID AIDS rates may predict HIV rates among non-PWID Black heterosexuals. Effective HIV programming may be predicated, in part, on addressing intertwining of HIV epidemics across populations.
Using Twitter, we aim to (1) define and quantify the prevalence and evolution of facets of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US in a spatiotemporal context and (2) examine amplified tweets among social distancing facets.

We analyzed English and US-based tweets containing "coronavirus" between January 23-March 24, 2020 using the Twitter API. Tweets containing keywords were grouped into six social distancing facets implementation, purpose, social disruption, adaptation, positive emotions, and negative emotions.

A total of 259,529 unique tweets were included in the analyses. Social distancing tweets became more prevalent from late January to March but were not geographically uniform. Early facets of social distancing appeared in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle the first cities impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak. Tweets related to the "implementation" and "negative emotions" facets largely dominated in combination with topics of "social disruption" and "adaptation", albeit to lesser degree. Social disruptiveness tweets were most retweeted, and implementation tweets were most favorited.

Social distancing can be defined by facets that respond to and represent certain events in a pandemic, including travel restrictions and rising case counts. For example, Miami had a low volume of social distancing tweets but grew in March corresponding with the rise of COVID-19 cases.

The evolution of social distancing facets on Twitter reflects actual events and may signal potential disease hotspots. Our facets can also be used to understand public discourse on social distancing which may inform future public health measures.
The evolution of social distancing facets on Twitter reflects actual events and may signal potential disease hotspots. selleck products Our facets can also be used to understand public discourse on social distancing which may inform future public health measures.
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