Notes

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o. [85%], and 6-12 y.o. [56.3%]). However, there was a wide range of analgesics used in older children (>12 y.o.) with the majority for naproxen (13-15 y.o. (28.2%) and 16-17 y.o. (28.2%). Other frequently prescribed analgesics for older children included ibuprofen (20.6%) and diclofenac (18.2%) for 12-15 y.o. and diclofenac (26.7%) and tramadol (17.6%) for 16-17 y.o.

Ibuprofen was the primary analgesic for children less than 12 y.o., whereas there was a wide range of analgesics prescribed for children age >12 y.o. including naproxen, diclofenac, and tramadol.
12 y.o. including naproxen, diclofenac, and tramadol.
Inflammatory mediators produced by cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways are responsible for many human diseases, such as cancer, arthritis, and neurological disorders. Flavonoid-containing plants, such as
leaves, have shown potential anti-inflammatory activity.

This study aimed to predict the actions of 10 compounds in
leaves, which are YGM-0a [cyanidin 3-0-sophoroside-5-0-glucosede], YGM-0f [cyanidin 3-O-(2-0-(6-0-(E)-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside)-5-0-β-D-glucopyranoside], YGM-1a [cyanidin 3-(6,6'-caffeylp-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside) -5-glucoside], YGM-1b [cyanidin 3-(6,6'-dicaffeylsophor-oside)-5-glucoside], YGM-2 [cyanidin 3-(6-caffeylsophoroside)-5-glucoside], YGM-3 [cyanidin 3-(6,6'-caffeyl-ferulylsophoroside)-5-glucoside], YGM-4b [peonidin 3-(6,6'-dicaffeylsophoroside)-5- glucoside], YGM-5a [peonidin 3-(6,6'-caffeylphydroxybenzo-ylsophoroside)-5-gluco-side], YGM-5b [cyanidin 3-6-caffeylsophoroside)-5-glucosede], and YGM-6 [peonidin 3-(6,6'-caffeylferulylsophoroside)-5-glucoside] as LOX inhibitors, and also predict the stability of ligand-LOX complex.

The compounds were screened through docking studies using PLANTS. Also, the molecular dynamics simulation was conducted using GROMACS at 310K.

The results showed that the most significant binding affinity toward LOX was shown by YGM-0a and YGM-0a, and the LOX complex in molecular dynamics simulation showed stability for 20 ns.

Based on Docking Studies and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of
Leaves compounds, YGM-0a was shown to be the most probable LOX inhibitor.
Based on Docking Studies and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of I. Batatas Leaves compounds, YGM-0a was shown to be the most probable LOX inhibitor.
Stingless bee is an insect that belongs to the family Apidae. Its name is based on its disability of stinging. It has a high product of
honey and propolis by which are commonly referred to as stingless bee honey and stingless bee propolis.
honey is one of the crucial natural sources and has the potential to kill infectious microorganisms. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jh-x-119-01.html Previous studies have proved that the antibacterial activity of natural honey was an effect of hydrogen peroxide, a substance contained in the honey. However, these claims were contradicting with too many studies.

Therefore, this study aimed to identify the antibacterial activity of Malaysian
honey which contained non-hydrogen peroxide against
, an opportunistic microbial.

honey was used as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of
in agar well diffusion assay. An amplex red hydrogen peroxide kit was used to identify the hydrogen peroxide in the honey sample. Meanwhile, non-hydrogen peroxide activity was performed by using honey-catalase treated.

For the first time, we found that hydrogen peroxide was absent in all
honey samples.
honey has higher antibacterial activity (13.30 ± 0.56mm) compared to
honey (9.03 ± 0.22mm) in agar well diffusion assay.

Non-hydrogen peroxide in
honey is a bioactive compound and beneficial to kill the microbial infection.

Antibacterial activity of Malaysian
honey is directly contributed by non-hydrogen peroxide.
Antibacterial activity of Malaysian Meliponini honey is directly contributed by non-hydrogen peroxide.
κ-opioid receptor (KOPr) system has been linked to relapse to many substances, especially opioids. Positive responses were recently reported in morphine and methamphetamine (polydrug)-dependent mice treated with buprenorphine and naltrexone, a functional κ antagonist.

This study aimed to determine the specific brain region that is responsive to KOPr treatment following polydrug dependence.

The polydrug-dependent mice model was developed using conditioned place preference (CPP) method. Following successful withdrawal phase, the mice were treated with 0.3 mg/kg buprenorphine and 1.0 mg/kg naltrexone. Four brain regions (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and striatum) were investigated using immunohistochemistry technique. This is to quantify the changes in KOPr expression in each major brain region that was primarily involved in addiction neurocircuits of many substances. Unpaired Student's
test was used to analyze all results, where
< 0.05 is considered significant.

The results showed manipulation of KOPr system is one of the potential targets to treat morphine- or methamphetamine-dependence problem.
Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic airflow disorder along with decreasing health status. COPD assessment test (CAT) is commonly used to assess the health status of patients and their medical results. The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic outcomes in patients with COPD using CAT in private hospitals in Yogyakarta.

This was a cross-sectional study involving 156 patients, aged >40 years who had completed the CAT questionnaire. CAT scores were categorized into four groups and consisted of eight items cough, phlegm, chest tightness, breathlessness going up hills/stairs, activity limitations at home, confidence leaving home, sleep, and energy. The four categories were successful therapy (CAT scores <10), moderately successful CAT 10-19), less successful (CAT scores 20-30), and unsuccessful (CAT score >30). The study was conducted from April to August 2018 at two Private Hospitals in Yogyakarta followed by descriptive-analytical data processing and chi-square analysis.

The therapeutic outcomes of COPD were 30.13% successful (CAT score <10), 60.26% moderately successful (CAT score 10-19), 9.62% less successful (CAT score 20-30), and there were no patients with unsuccessful therapy. The majority of patients had moderate airflow severity. Exacerbation condition, severity level, and type of therapy showed a significant result (
< 0.05) toward therapy results with COPD measurement, and from eight CAT items, it was identified that 37.8% of respondents had breathlessness going up hills/stairs.

CAT can assess the therapeutic outcomes and COPD patient's health status with moderately successful therapy (CAT score 10-19) in more than sixty percent of respondents.
CAT can assess the therapeutic outcomes and COPD patient's health status with moderately successful therapy (CAT score 10-19) in more than sixty percent of respondents.
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