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CONCLUSIONS Given the diversity of periodontal health definitions, a cross-study comparison is difficult. The results of this review may be useful in making others aware of the significance of standardizing the definition of a healthy periodontium. VBIT-12 nmr This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Although integral to remote marine atmospheric sulfur chemistry, the reaction between methylsulfinyl radical (CH 3 SO) and ozone poses challenges to theoretical treatments. The lone theoretical study on this reaction reported an unphysically large barrier of 66 kcal mol -1 for abstraction of an oxygen atom from O 3 by CH 3 SO. Here, we demonstrate that this result stems from improper use of MP2 with a single-reference, unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) wavefunction. We characterized the potential energy surface using density functional theory (DFT), as well as multireference methodologies employing a complete active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) reference. Our DFT PES shows, in contrast to previous work, that the reaction proceeds by forming an addition adduct [CH 3 S(O 3 )O] in a deep potential well of 37 kcal mol -1 . An O-O bond of this adduct dissociates via a flat, low barrier of 1 kcal mol -1 to give CH 3 SO 2 + O 2 . The multireference computations show that the initial addition of CH 3 SO + O 3 is barrierless. These results provide a more physically intuitive and accurate picture of this reaction than the previous theoretical study. In addition, our results imply that the CH 3 SO 2 formed in this reaction can readily decompose to give SO 2 as a major product, in alignment with the literature on CH 3 SO reactions. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Although melanoma is considered one of the most immunogenic malignancies, spontaneous T-cell responses to melanoma antigens are ineffective due to tumor cell-intrinsic or microenvironment-driven immune evasion mechanisms. For example, oncogenic BRAF V600E mutation in melanoma cells fosters tumor immune escape by modulating cell immunogenicity and microenvironment composition. BRAF inhibition has been shown to increase melanoma cell immunogenicity, but these effects are transient and long-term responses are uncommon. For these reasons, we aimed to further characterize the role of BRAF-V600E mutation in the modulation of PD-L1, a known immunoregulatory molecule, and galectin-1 (Gal-1), a potent immunoregulatory lectin involved in melanoma immune privilege. We report herein that vemurafenib downregulates IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression by interfering with STAT1 activity and by decreasing PD-L1 protein translation. Surprisingly, melanoma cells exposed to vemurafenib expressed higher levels of Gal-1. In co-culture experiments, A375 melanoma cells pretreated with vemurafenib induced apoptosis of interacting Jurkat T cells, whereas genetic inhibition of Gal-1 in these cells restored the viability of co-cultured T lymphocytes, indicating that Gal-1 contributes to tumor immune escape. Importantly, Gal-1 plasma concentration increased in patients progressing on BRAF/MEK inhibitor treatment, but remained stable in responding patients. Taken together, these results suggest a two-faceted nature of BRAF inhibition-associated immunomodulatory effects an early immunostimulatory activity, mediated at least in part by decreased PD-L1 expression, and a delayed immunosuppressive effect associated with Gal-1 induction. Importantly, our observations suggest that Gal-1 might be utilized as a potential biomarker and a putative therapeutic target in melanoma patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Reductions play a key role in organic synthesis, producing chiral products with new functionalities. Enzymes can catalyse such reactions with exquisite stereo-, regio- and chemoselectivity, leading the way to alternative shorter classical synthetic routes towards not only high added value compounds but also bulk chemicals. In this review we display the synthetic state-of-the-art and potential of enzymes that catalyse reductions, ranging from carbonyl-, enone- and aromatic reductions to reductive aminations. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.BACKGROUND/AIMS Management of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) can be expensive and time-consuming, yet very few studies have addressed the cost of their management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total cost and the number of visits required to treat dental injuries to permanent incisors in children and adolescents over a one-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-five children with at least one traumatic dental injury to their permanent incisors were enrolled and managed according to the International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines. Injuries were grouped into complex (n=74) and non-complex injuries (n=21) and divided by the date of injury. Total cost was the sum of the direct (capital, staff, materials and laboratory fees) and indirect costs (travel, childcare and missed working hours). All data was collected prospectively through hospital records and questionnaires at each visit over one year. Data was analysed using a linear regression model for the cost and the number of visitsy copyright. All rights reserved.AIMS Tuberculosis (TB) is still an important disease in the world, especially in developing countries. Applying efficient and suitable methods for genotyping Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates is a crucial step for identifying the MTB transmission mode and controlling its subsequent outcomes. Considering the complexity of IS6110-RFLP and PGRS-RFLP methods for MTB classification, suggesting other simple but reliable techniques could be helpful in the MTB studies, especially in low-income countries. METHODS AND RESULTS This study aimed to evaluate the capabilities of three methods for genotyping MTB isolates collected from Iran through comparing our previously published results for IS6110-RFLP and PGRS-RFLP methods and current results obtained from IS6110-Mtb1/Mtb2 PCR technique. A strong concordance was observed between the results of clustering by three techniques. Calculated Kendall's Tau concordance value for correlation of IS6110-RFLP and IS6110-Mtb1/Mtb2 PCR, for IS6110-RFLP and PGRS-RFLP, and for IS6110-Mtb1/Mtb2 PCR and PGRS-RFLP techniques was equal to 0.
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