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Very first document regarding Pythium aristosporum triggering hammer toe stalk decay within The far east.
CONCLUSIONS Taking modelling assumptions into account, opportunistic chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening of youth and those in HIV care represents a viable intervention for reducing sexually transmitted infections in the South African population.OBJECTIVES Representation of the key groups in community-level healthcare decisions is a prerequisite for accountable and responsive primary healthcare systems. However, meaningful representation requires both the presence of individuals who represent the key community groups and their capacity to influence the key healthcare plans and decisions. Our study explored how the underrepresentation of the youth in health facility committees, the decentralized community- and facility-level healthcare decision-making forums affects youth access to sexual and reproductive health services. METHODS A multisite case study involving focus group discussions, interviews, and meeting observation was conducted in eight primary healthcare facilities in Kasulu, a rural district in Tanzania. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify the key emerging themes. RESULTS Five major themes were identified in connection with youth underrepresentation and limited access to sexual reproductive health as a 'taboo' phenomenon in the communities. These were numbers do not matter, passive representation, sociopolitical gerontocracy, economic vulnerability, and mistrust and suspicion. CONCLUSIONS Gradual emancipatory and transformative efforts are needed to normalize the representation of the youth and their concerns in formal community-level decision-making institutions.OBJECTIVES Unwanted pregnancy is an important public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Using a pooled dataset from 48 Demographic Health Surveys conducted in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Europe (n = 494,778), we examined the effect of unwanted pregnancy on maternal and child healthcare utilization and child health outcomes in LMICs. METHODS We used logistic regression models to estimate the effect of unwanted pregnancy on antenatal care use, supervised delivery, childhood vaccination and three indicators of child health, viz. stunting (height-for-age), underweight (weight-for-age) and wasting (weight-for-height). RESULTS We found that mothers of children whose pregnancies had been unwanted had a lower probability of attending four or more antenatal care visits by 3.6% (95% confidence interval = 1.9-5.4%) compared to those whose pregnancy was wanted. We did not find significant impacts of unwanted pregnancy on supervised delivery, childhood vaccination uptake or child health indicators. CONCLUSIONS Birth characteristics, household-level determinants and country-level characteristics seem to be more closely related to maternal and child healthcare utilization as well as child health outcomes than whether the pregnancy was wanted or unwanted in LMICs.OBJECTIVES This study explores abortion decision-making trajectories in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, examining the spaces for decision making that young people manage to create for themselves within restrictive policy, gender norms and other constraints. METHODS The study presents data collected from observations in three referral health facilities in Ouagadougou and interviews (with 31 young women (aged 17-25) who had sought abortions and five men (aged 20-25) whose partners had done so). Using inductive content analysis, we capture the different streams, actors and rationales in the decision-making process, as well as the pattern of negotiation. RESULTS Abortion decision-making trajectories are complex and affected by a range of factors including fertility desires, relationship stability and financial stability. The process can include intense periods of negotiation between intimate partners when their rationales are discordant. Constraints on women's decision making include restrictive policy environment, coercion from partners (threats, emotional blackmail and even physical force) and pressure from people in and out of their social network. CONCLUSIONS In a context where legal abortion is highly restricted and women's decision-making power is constrained, the abortion decision making appears as collective, operates in an uncertain time frame, an unofficial social environment and has an unpredictable collaborative mechanism.OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between gender norms about romantic relationships and sexual experiences of very young male adolescents (VYMA) living in Korogocho slum in Nairobi, Kenya. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from a sample of 426 VYMA living in Korogocho slum. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to, respectively, explore and validate the factor structure underlying gender norms scale items. We used structural equation modelling to assess the association between gender norms and sexual experiences of VYMA. RESULTS We found high endorsement of heteronormative beliefs about romantic relationships and low endorsement of sexual double standards. Sexual experience was associated with low endorsement of heteronormative beliefs, being pre-pubertal, school absenteeism and being below recommended grade for age. MT-802 clinical trial Sharing a sleeping room with more than two people, been born outside Nairobi, and living in households headed by older persons lowered the likelihood of sexual experience. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the need for further research to understand how gender norms evolve as young boys transition through adolescence to adulthood and how these changes impact on sexual behaviors.OBJECTIVES Ensuring youth participation in policymaking that affects their health and well-being is increasingly recognized as a strategy to improve young people's reproductive health. This paper aimed to describe the policy context and analyze underlying factors that influence youth participation in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) policymaking in Malawi. METHODS This critical, focused ethnographic study is informed by postcolonial feminism and difference-centered citizenship theory, based on data collected from October 2017 to May 2018. Multiple research methods were employed document analysis, focus group discussions, and "moderate" participant observation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants and youth, supplemented by open-ended drawing exercises with youth. RESULTS Progressive policies and the presence of youth in some policymaking structures indicate substantial headway in Malawi. However, underlying structural and societal factors circumscribe young people's lived experiences of participation.
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