Notes

Arthropod fauna for the abaxial along with adaxial surfaces associated with Acacia mangium (Fabaceae) foliage.
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of sensors utilized for the IoT is expected to exceed 200 billion by 2025. Thus, sustainable energy supplies without the recharging and replacement of the charge storage device have become increasingly important. Among various energy harvesters, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has attracted considerable attention due to its high instantaneous output power, broad selection of available materials, eco-friendly and inexpensive fabrication process, and various working modes customized for target applications. The TENG harvests electrical energy from wasted mechanical energy in the ambient environment. Three types of operational modes based on contact-separation, sliding, and freestanding are reviewed for two different configurations with a double-electrode and a single-electrode structure in the TENGs. Various charge transfer mechanisms to explain the operational principles of TENGs during triboelectrification are also reviewed for electron, ion, and material transfers. Thereafter, diverse methodologies to enhance the output power considering the energy harvesting efficiency and energy transferring efficiency are surveyed. Moreover, approaches involving not only energy harvesting by a TENG but also energy storage by a charge storage device are also reviewed. Citarinostat Finally, a variety of applications with TENGs are introduced. This review can help to advance TENGs for use in self-powered sensors, energy harvesters, and other systems. It can also contribute to assisting with more comprehensive and rational designs of TENGs for various applications.Alkylidene carbenes undergo rapid inter- and intramolecular reactions and rearrangements, including 1,2-migrations of β-substituents to generate alkynes. Their propensity for substituent migration exerts profound influence over the broader utility of alkylidene carbene intermediates, yet prior efforts to categorize 1,2-migratory aptitude in these elusive species have been hampered by disparate modes of carbene generation, ultrashort carbene lifetimes, mechanistic ambiguities, and the need to individually prepare a series of 13C-labeled precursors. Herein we report on the rearrangement of 13C-alkylidene carbenes generated in situ by the homologation of carbonyl compounds with [13C]-Li-TMS-diazomethane, an approach that obviates the need for isotopically labeled substrates and has expedited a systematic investigation (13C1H NMR, DLPNO-CCSD(T)) of migratory aptitudes in an unprecedented range of more than 30 alkylidene carbenes. Hammett analyses of the reactions of 26 differentially substituted benzophenones reveal several counterintuitive features of 1,2-migration in alkylidene carbenes that may prove of utility in the study and synthetic application of unsaturated carbenes more generally.Oxygen vacancies (OVs) play a crucial role in the catalytic activity of metal-based catalysts; however, their activation mechanism toward peroxydisulfate (PDS) still lacks reasonable explanation. In this study, by taking bismuth bromide (BiOBr) as an example, we report an OV-mediated PDS activation process for degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) employing singlet oxygen (1O2) as the main reactive species under alkaline conditions. The experimental results show that the removal efficiency of BPA is proportional to the number of OVs and is highly related to the dosage of PDS and the catalyst. The surface OVs of BiOBr provide ideal sites for the inclusion of hydroxyl ions (HO-) to form BiIII-OH species, which are regarded as the major active sites for the adsorption and activation of PDS. Unexpectedly, the activation of PDS occurs through a nonradical mechanism mediated by 1O2, which is generated via multistep reactions, involving the formation of an intermediate superoxide radical (O2•-) and the redox cycle of Bi(III)/Bi(IV). This work is dedicated to the in-depth mechanism study into PDS activation over OV-rich BiOBr samples and provides a novel perspective for the activation of peroxides by defective materials in the absence of additional energy supply or aqueous transition metal ions.Membrane fouling is the obstacle that limits the practical application of membranes in efficient oil/water separation. The main reason for membrane fouling is the deposition of the dispersed phase (e.g., oil) on the membrane surface based on the sieving effect. The key challenge for solving the fouling problem is to achieve fouling removal via rationally considering hydrodynamics and interfacial science. Herein, a poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane with a dual-scale hyperporous structure and rational wettability is designed to achieve a continuous "nonfouling" separation for oil/water emulsions via membrane demulsification. The membrane is fabricated via dual-phase separation (vapor and nonsolvent) and modified by in situ polymerization of poly(hydroxyethyl methylacrylate) (contact angle 59 ± 1°). The membrane shows stable permeability (1078 ± 50 Lm-2h-1bar-1) and high separation efficiency (>99.0%) in 2 h of continuous cross-flow without physicochemical washing compared to superwetting membranes. The permeation is composed of two distinct immiscible liquid phases via coalescence demulsification. The surface shearing and pore throat collision coalescence demulsification mechanism is proposed, and rational interface wettability facilitates the foulant/membrane interaction for "nonfouling" separation. Beyond superwetting surfaces, a new strategy for achieving "nonfouling" emulsion separation by designing membranes with a dual-scale hyperporous structure and rational wettability is provided.Silicon/graphene nanowalls (Si/GNWs) heterojunctions with excellent integrability and sensitivity show an increasing potential in optoelectronic devices. However, the performance is greatly limited by inferior interfacial adhesion and week electronic transport caused by the horizontal buffer layer. Herein, a diamond-like carbon (DLC) interlayer is first introduced to construct Si/DLC/GNWs heterojunctions, which can significantly change the growth behavior of the GNWs film, avoiding the formation of horizontal buffer layers. Accordingly, a robust diamond-like covalent bond with a remarkable enhancement of the interfacial adhesion is yielded, which notably improves the complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatibility for photodetector fabrication. Importantly, the DLC interlayer is verified to undergo a graphitization transition during the high-temperature growth process, which is beneficial to pave a vertical conductive path and facilitate the transport of photogenerated carriers in the visible and near-infrared regions.
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