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Phenylimino Indolinone: A new Green-Light-Responsive T-Type Photoswitch Exhibiting Damaging Photochromism.
In the South-Tyrol region (Italy), 46 gasifiers are currently operating and €200,000 are annually paid to dispose of as a waste 1300 tons of char. Therefore, there is a considerable interest in finding alternatives for the valorization of this solid by-product. The aim of this work is to assess the potential of char as energy source and to compare two scenarios. The first scenario considers the possibility of exploiting char in a dedicated burner integrated in the gasification plant. The second scenario assumes that all the char is collected from South-Tyrol and co-fired with biomass in an existing combustion-ORC plant. An economic analysis was performed evaluating the discounted payback time and both scenarios were modeled using Aspen Plus®. The results reveal that substantial savings in the operating costs of the plants can be achieved. In the first scenario the owners of the gasification plants could save from 50% to 94% of the char disposal costs with a payback time ranging between 3 and 7 years. In the second scenario, the owner of the plant could save approximately €235 k per year with a payback time of approximately 7 years. The present study provides a basis for further techno-economic studies on char combustion. The results can be helpful for the owners of the gasification plants in determining the most cost-effective way to dispose char and to avoid disposing it of as a waste. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how char could be used as a renewable fuel, with better performance than raw biomass. The objective of this study was to investigate how addition of high-moisture waste (HMW) affects the hydraulic and mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW). Direct shear and hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted on MSW, HMW, and MSW-HMW mixtures prepared with HMW contents ranging from 20% to 80% (by total mass). Direct shear tests were conducted at normal stress between 22 and 168 kPa and hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted at vertical effective stresses of approximately 50, 100, and 200 kPa. A threshold HMW content of 40% was identified corresponding to substantial change in friction angle and hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures. Municipal solid waste and MSW-HMW mixtures with less than 40% HMW had friction angles between 29° and 32° and hydraulic conductivities greater than or equal to 1.3 × 10-6 m/s. At HMW contents above 40%, the friction angle and hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing HMW content. Dulaglutide manufacturer At 80% HMW, the hydraulic and mechanical behavior of the MSW-HMW mixture was comparable to HMW. The HMW had a friction angle of approximately 2° and hydraulic conductivity of 1.1 × 10-11 m/s at a vertical effective stress of 50 kPa. Additional direct shear tests conducted on MSW and MSW-HMW mixtures soaked in water to simulate subsequent wetting post disposal revealed a decrease in friction angle from approximately 29° to 24° for MSW mixed with 40% HMW. Preparation of biochar from industrial solid wastes is receiving increasing attention in recent years. In this paper, alkaline protease, neutral protease and collagenolytic protease are used in preliminary steps of leather production, which are expected to replace the traditional chemical agents while preserving quality of the finished leather. The protease application has remarkable positive influence towards characteristics of biochar prepared by collagen-containing solid wastes produced in preliminary steps. The enzymatic action time should be more than 3 h for complete permeation and catalysis, and the diameters of treated collagen fibers were in the range of 10 to 20 nm. The micro-cracks occurring on collagen fibers would have an obviously impact on the formation of biochar. The application of proteases reduce the pollution of traditional production through replacing traditional polluted chemicals, and the characteristics of biochars are obviously improved with good surface area and high carbon content approximately 70%. Its surface area can reach 967 m2/g. These biochars contain oxygen-containing functional groups, and the oxygen content of biochars are all over 20%. The enzyme application in leather production are effective to the properties of biochars prepared by collagen-containing solid wastes. This research can serve as a basis for the preparation of biochar derived from of natural bio-wastes thereby promoting the development of biomaterials. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional molecules and allow selective protein degradation by addressing the natural ubiquitin proteasome system. As this new strategy of chemically induced protein degradation can serve as a biological tool and provides new possibilities for drug discovery, it has been applied to a variety of targets including (nuclear) receptors, kinases, and epigenetic proteins. A lot of PROTACs have already been designed in the field of epigenetics, and their synthesis and characterization highly contributed to structural optimization and improved mechanistic understanding of these molecules. In this review, we will discuss and summarize recent advances in PROTAC discovery with focus on epigenetic targets. The homeostasis imbalance of metals is closely associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A total of 1594 and 566 Chinese Han men were enrolled in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, respectively. We measured the serum concentrations of 22 metals by ICP-MS. The traditional and the LASSO regression methods were used to construct multiple-metals models, respectively. We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to confirm the causal relationship between NAFLD and metals using three NAFLD-related SNPs as instrumental variable. After adjustment in the six-metal model, only depressed molybdenum and elevated zinc were associated with a higher NAFLD risk, in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. In the twelve-metal model, similar results were still observed. Moreover, dose-response relationships were non-linear for molybdenum and positively linear for zinc with NAFLD risk. In MR analysis, no causal associations were found from NAFLD to molybdenum and zinc. Our results support that serum molybdenum levels were non-linearly associated with NAFLD risk in Chinese men, whereas serum zinc levels showed a positively linear association.
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