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A big amount of solid wastes or dump sludges is generated after leaching vanadium (V) from a roasted mixture. As the vanadium content in these tailings is comparable to its concentration in traditional vanadium sources such as titanomagnetite ores or a vanadium converter slag, these wastes could be recycled to extract additional vanadium. Therefore, this research was aimed on studies of vanadium-containing sludges resulting from hydrometallurgical production of vanadium pentoxide to find an optimal technology for V extraction. The material composition of industrial and synthetic sludge samples was studied by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), secondary ions mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCA). The paper demonstrates the presence of vanadium in sludges, not only in spinels in 3+ oxidation degree, but also in other compounds containing V4+ and V5+. It was found that vanadium substitutes a set of elements in minerals except spinel. The dependence between the content of insoluble vanadium compounds and V oxidation degree was determined.Pd deposited on CeOx-MnOx/La-Al2O3 has been prepared as a sensitive material for methane (CH4) detection. The effect of different amounts (1.25%, 2.5% and 5%) of Pd loading has been investigated. The as prepared materials were deposited on Pt microcoils using a drop-coating method, as a way of developing pellistors operated using a Wheatstone bridge configuration. By spanning the operating temperature range between 300 °C and 550 °C, we established the linearity region as well as the maximum sensitivity towards 4900 ppm of CH4. By making use of the sigmoid dependence of the output voltage signal from the Wheatstone bridge, the gas surface reaction and diffusion phenomena have been decoupled. The pellistor with 5% Pd deposited on CeOx-MnOx/La-Al2O3 exhibited the highest selective-sensitivity in the benefit of CH4 detection against threshold limits of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Accordingly, adjusting the percent of Pd makes the preparation strategies of pellistors good candidates towards CH4 detection.A hypoxic (low oxygen level) microenvironment and nitric oxide paracrine signaling play important roles in the control of both biological and pathological cell responses. In this study, we present a microfluidic chip architecture for nitric oxide delivery under a hypoxic microenvironment in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293). The chip utilizes two separate, but interdigitated microfluidic channels. The hypoxic microenvironment was created by sodium sulfite as the oxygen scavenger in one of the channels. The nitric oxide microenvironment was created by sodium nitroprusside as the light-activated nitric oxide donor in the other channel. The solutions are separated from the cell culture by a 30 µm thick gas-permeable, but liquid-impermeable polydimethylsiloxane membrane. We show that the architecture is preliminarily feasible to define the gaseous microenvironment of a cell culture in the 100 µm and 1 mm length scales.In this paper, stability of chlorophyll a monomers encapsulated into the Cremophor EL nano-micelles was studied under dark and moderate light conditions, typical of a room with natural or artificial lighting, in the presence of oxygen. The pigment stability against visible light was determined using the dynamic light scattering and molecular spectroscopy (UV-Vis absorption and stationary fluorescence) methods. learn more Chlorophyll a, at the molar concentration of 10-5 M, was dissolved in the 5 wt% Cremophor emulsion for comparison in the ethanolic solution. The stability of such a self-assembly pigment-detergent nano-system is important in the light of its application on the commercial-scale. The presented results indicate the high stability of the pigment monomeric molecular organization in the nano-emulsion. During the storage in the dark, the half-lifetime was calculated as about 7 months. Additionally, based on the shape of absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, chlorophyll aggregation in the Cremophor EL aqueous solution along with the time was excluded. Moreover, the average size of detergent micelles as chlorophyll carriers was not affected after 70 days of the nano-system storage. Pigment stability against the moderate white light (0.1 mW) did not differ significantly from storage conditions in the dark. The photooxidation products, detected by occurrence of new absorption and fluorescence emission bands, was estimated on the negligible level. The stability of such a self-assembly pigment-detergent nano-system would potentially broaden the field of chlorophyll a (chl a) application in the food industry, medicine or artificial photosynthesis models.The acyclic organic alkynes and carbyne bonds exhibit linear shapes. Metallabenzynes and metallapentalynes are six- or five-membered metallacycles containing carbynes, whose carbine-carbon bond angles are less than 180°. Such distortion results in considerable ring strain, resulting in the unprecedented reactivity compared with acyclic carbynes. Meanwhile, the aromaticity of these metallacycles would stabilize the ring system. The fascinating combination of ring strain and aromaticity would lead to interesting reactivities. This mini review summarized recent findings on the reactivity of the metal-carbon triple bonds and the aromatic ring system. In the case of metallabenzynes, aromaticity would prevail over ring strain. The reactions are similar to those of organic aromatics, especially in electrophilic reactions. Meanwhile, fragmentation of metallacarbynes might be observed via migratory insertion if the aromaticity of metallacarbynes is strongly affected. In the case of metallapentalynes, the extremely small bond angle would result in high reactivity of the carbyne moiety, which would undergo typical reactions for organic alkynes, including interaction with coinage metal complexes, electrophilic reactions, nucleophilic reactions and cycloaddition reactions, whereas the strong aromaticity ensured the integrity of the bicyclic framework of metallapentalynes throughout all reported reaction conditions.
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