Notes

The function involving Development Factors in Bioactive Completes.
or type II diabetes and other diseases.
Cochlospermum regium, known as "algodãozinho", is an important plant belonging to Brazilian biodiversity used in traditional medicine to treat infections, wounds and skin conditions.

To assess the effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from C. regium leaves on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus planktonic cells and biofilm formation.

The phytochemical characterization of the extracts was carried out by quantification of flavonoids, phenols and tannins and HPLC-DAD. Minimum inhibitory concentrations, cell viability, and enzyme activity inhibition were determined in planktonic cells exposed to C. regium extracts. The effect of the extracts on biofilms was assessed by quantifying colony-forming units (CFUs) and the extracellular matrix, and by visualizing the biofilm structure using scanning electron microscopy.

Leaf extract contents showed high concentration of phenols and the gallic and ellagic acids were identified. The extracts showed potent antimicrobial activities at concentrations ranging from 62.5-250μg/mL, and decreased coagulase activity. In addition, the extracts prevented biofilm formation, and the aqueous extract completely inhibited its formation.

C. regium extracts stand out as promising alternative treatments for the prevention and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.
C. regium extracts stand out as promising alternative treatments for the prevention and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.
Maytenus robusta Reissek (Celesteraceae), popularly named as cafezinho do mato or coração de bugre, is employed to treat inflammatory digestive diseases in the south of Brazil. However, despite popular usage, the effects of this species on an experimental model of ulcerative colitis are unknown.

To evaluate the effects of M. robusta extract (HEMR) on colon and liver from mice with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS).

Firstly, the cytotoxicity of HEMR and its effects on ROS and nitrite production in IEC-6cells were evaluated. The experimental colitis was established by adding 3% DSS on drinking water of mice and the effects of HEMR (1-100mg/kg, p.o, once a day by 7 days) in colonic and hepatic tissues were analyzed.

The HEMR (1-100μg/mL) did not alter the cell viability but reduced nitrite production of IEC-6 stimulated by LPS. Moreover, HEMR (100mg/Kg) attenuates macro and microscopic alterations in the colon from mice exposed to DSS, as evidenced by a reduction of the colon shortening, aty secondary to ulcerative colitis.
Lingzhi or Reishi - Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst is an extensively used medicinal mushroom in folklore and traditional medicine in south East Asia to treat a number of diseases. Lingzhi is known as 'mushroom of immortality' in Chinese folklore. In Traditional Chinese Medicine it is considered as a panacea to cure all diseases.

This study aims to evaluate antinociceptive effect of Gano oil, a novel fatty acid rich extract obtained from G.lucidum and identification of the active principle.

Gano oil extracted from Ganoderma lucidum was evaluated for inhibition of formalin-induced paw oedema on Swiss albino mice by oral administration as well as topical application. Antinociceptive activity of Gano oil was tested by acetic acid - induced abdominal writhing test as well as hot plate test. Free radical scavenging activity was determined by DPPH assay. COX enzyme inhibiting activity was assayed using different concentrations of Gano oil exposed to LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cell line. NF-kB inhibiting activis that Gano oil might be a potent natural product based analgesic. The effect might be assigned to the fatty acid amide constituents especially oleamide which has been demonstrated to have analgesic and hypnotic actions.
Thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) after ischemic stroke exacerbates blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and leads to hemorrhagic transformation (HT). YiQiFuMai Lyophilized Injection (YQFM) is a modern preparation derived from Sheng-mai San (a traditional Chinese medicine). YQFM attenuates the BBB dysfunction induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, whether YQFM can suppress tPA-induced HT remains unknown.

We investigated the therapeutic effect of YQFM on tPA-induced HT and explored the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro to improve the safety of tPA use against stroke.

Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to 45min of ischemia and 24h of reperfusion. tPA (10mg/kg) were infused 2h after occlusion and YQFM (0.671g/kg) was injected 2.5h after occlusion. The in vitro effect of YQFM (100, 200, 400μg/mL) on tPA (60μg/mL)-induced dysfunction of the microvascular endothelial barrier in the brain following oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was observed in bEnd.3cells.

YQFM suppressed tPA-induced high hemoglobin level in the brain, mortality, neurologic severity score, BBB permeability, expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2, and degradation of tight-junction proteins. Furthermore, YQFM significantly blocked tPA-induced brain microvascular endothelial permeability and phosphorylation of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK)1, myosin light chain (MLC), cofilin and p65 in vivo and in vitro.

YQFM suppressed tPA-induced HT by inhibiting cytoskeletal rearrangement linked with ROCK-cofilin/MLC pathways and inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway to ameliorate BBB damage caused by tPA.
YQFM suppressed tPA-induced HT by inhibiting cytoskeletal rearrangement linked with ROCK-cofilin/MLC pathways and inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway to ameliorate BBB damage caused by tPA.
Multiple plant species were used traditionally in southern Africa to treat bacterial respiratory diseases. This review summarises this usage and highlights plant species that are yet to be verified for these activities.

This manuscript reviews the traditional usage of southern African plant species to treat bacterial respiratory diseases with the aim of highlighting gaps in the literature and focusing future studies.

An extensive review of ethnobotanical books, reviews and primary scientific studies was undertaken to identify southern African plants which are used in traditional southern African medicine to treat bacterial respiratory diseases. We also searched for southern African plants whose inhibitory activity against bacterial respiratory pathogens has been conmfirmed, to highlight gaps in the literature and focus future studies.

One hundred and eighty-seven southern African plant species are recorded as traditional therapies for bacterial respiratory infections. read more Scientific evaluations of 178 plant species were recorded, although only 42 of these were selected for screening on the basis of their ethnobotanical uses.
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