Notes

Hsa-miR-30d, secreted through the human being endometrium, is actually adopted through the pre-implantation embryo and can modify the transcriptome.
We observed differences in movement endpoint distributions that varied between animals and visual feedback conditions, as well as across targets. The results indicate that the system can be used to study multisensory integration in a well-controlled manner.Electrical brain stimulation (EBS) has been actively researched because of its clinical application and usefulness in brain research. However, its effect on individual neurons remains uncertain, as each neuron's response to EBS is highly variable and dependent on its morphology and the axis in which a neuron lies. Hence, our goal was to investigate the way that neuronal morphology affects the cellular response to extracellular stimulation from multiple directions. In this computational study, we observed that the varying neuronal morphology and direction of applied electrical field (EF) had some influence on the excitation threshold, which generates an action potential. Further, change of the excitation threshold depending on EF directions was observed.Clinical Relevance- These findings would help us to understand the variability in the modulatory effects of EBS at the cellular level and would be the basis for understanding the packed fibers' responses to EBS. Ultimately, considering EBS' clinical application, it may also help to predict patient's results from EBS treatment.Bioelectronic neural interfaces that deliver adaptive therapeutic stimulation in an intelligent manner must be able to sense and stimulate activity within the same nerve. Existing minimally-invasive peripheral neural interfaces can provide a read-out of the aggregate level of activity via electrical recordings of nerve activity, but these recordings are limited in terms of their specificity. Computational simulations can provide fine-grained insight into the contributions of different neural populations to the extracellular recording, but integration of the signals from individual nerve fibers requires knowledge of spread of current in the complex (heterogenous, anisotropic) extracellular space. We have developed a model which uses the open-source EIDORS package for extracellular stimulation and recording in the pelvic nerve. The pelvic nerve is the primary source of autonomic innervation to the pelvic organs, and a prime target for electrical stimulation to treat a variety of voiding disorders. We simulated recordings of spontaneous and electrically-evoked activity using biophysical models for myelinated and unmyelinated axons. As expected, stimulus thresholds depended strongly on both fibre type and electrode-fibre distance. In conclusion, EIDORS can be used to accurately simulate extracellular recording in complex, heterogenous neural geometries.Pulsatile electrical stimulation is used in neural prostheses such as the vestibular prosthesis. In a healthy vestibular system, head motion is encoded by changes in the firing rates of afferents around their spontaneous baseline rate. For people suffering from bilateral vestibular disorder (BVD), head motion no longer modulates firing rate. selleck chemicals llc Vestibular prostheses use a gyroscope to detect head motion and stimulate neurons directly in a way that mimics natural modulation. Proper restoration of vestibular function relies on the ability of stimulation to evoke the same firing patterns as the healthy system. For this reason, it is necessary to understand what firing rates are produced for different stimulation parameters. Two stimulation parameters commonly controlled in pulsatile neuromodulation are pulse rate and pulse amplitude. Previous neural recording experiments in the vestibular nerve contradict widely held assumptions about the relationship between pulse rates and evoked spike activity, and the relationship between pulse amplitude and neural activity has not been explored. Here we use a well-established computational model of the vestibular afferent to simulate responses to different pulse rates and amplitudes. We confirm that our simulated neural results agree with the existing experimental data. Finally, we developed the "Action Potential Collision" (APC) equation that defines induced firing as a function of spontaneous firing rate, pulse rate, and pulse amplitude. We show that this relationship can successfully predict simulated vestibular activity by accounting for interactions between pulses and spontaneous firing.An emerging corpus of research seeks to use virtual realities (VRs) to understand the neural mechanisms underlying spatial navigation and decision making in rodents. These studies have primarily used visual stimuli to represent the virtual world. However, auditory cues play an important role in navigation for animals, especially when the visual system cannot detect objects or predators. We have developed a virtual reality environment defined exclusively by free-field acoustic landmarks for head-fixed mice. We trained animals to run in a virtual environment with 3 acoustic landmarks. We present evidence that they can learn to navigate in our context we observed anticipatory licking and modest anticipatory slowing preceding the reward region. Furthermore, we found that animals were highly aware of changes in landmark cues licking behavior changed dramatically when the familiar virtual environment was switched to a novel one, and then rapidly reverted to normal when the familiar virtual environment was re-introduced, all within the same session. Finally, while animals executed the task, we performed in-vivo calcium imaging in the CA1 region of the hippocampus using a modified Miniscope.org system. Our experiments point to a future in which auditory virtual reality can be used to expand our understanding of the neural bases of audition in locomoting animals and the variety of sensory cues which anchor spatial representations in a new virtual environment.The differential effects of general anesthesia on brain activity in terms of drug selection, concentration and combination remain to be elucidated. Using fMRI, it has been shown that increasing doses of sevoflurane is associated with progressive breakdown in brain functional connectivity, while EEG studies have shown that higher activity in the delta band is associated with unconsciousness. Despite these promising results, the band- specific neural substrates of brain changes which occur during sevoflurane anesthesia have not yet been investigated. To this end, we employ high-density EEG-based brain connectivity estimates and graph theoretical analysis in a protocol of progressive sevoflurane administration (conditions baseline, 1.1%, 2.1%, 2.8%, recovery), both at a global (whole-brain) and at a local (sensor-specific) level in 12 healthy subjects (7 males, mean age 25 ± 4.7 years). We show a statistically significant dependence of global strength, clustering coefficient and efficiency on sevoflurane concentration in the slow delta, beta 1 and beta 2 bands.
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