Notes

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Retinal microvasculature and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) play vital roles in maintaining the health and metabolic activity of the eye. Visualization of these retina structures is essential for pre-clinical studies of vision-robbing diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have developed a quantitative multi-contrast polarization diversity OCT and angiography (QMC-PD-OCTA) system for imaging and visualizing pigment in the RPE using degree of polarization uniformity (DOPU), along with flow in the retinal capillaries using OCT angiography (OCTA). An adaptive DOPU averaging kernel was developed to increase quantifiable values from visual data, and QMC en face images permit simultaneous visualization of vessel location, depth, melanin region thickness, and mean DOPU values, allowing rapid identification and differentiation of disease symptoms. OUL232 PARP inhibitor The retina of five different mice strains were measured in vivo, with results demonstrating potential for pre-clinical studies of retinal disorders.Measuring the complex mechanical properties of biological objects has become a necessity to answer key questions in mechanobiology and to propose innovative clinical and therapeutic strategies. In this context, Brillouin light scattering (BLS) has recently come into vogue, offering quantitative imaging of the mechanical properties without labels and with a micrometer resolution. In biological samples, the magnitude of the spectral changes are typically of a few tens of MHz, and the ability of modern spectrometers to monitor such subtle changes needs to be evaluated. Moreover, the multiplicity of variations in optical arrangements, specific to each lab, requires to set a standard for the assessment of the characteristics of BLS systems. In this paper we propose a protocol to evaluate the precision and accuracy of two commercial spectrometers that is reproducible across labs. For a meaningful comparison, we coupled the spectrometers to the same microscope and to the same laser. We first evaluated the optimum acquisition time and laser power. We evaluated the precision using pure water samples. We determined the accuracy by probing water solutions with increasing concentration of salt and comparing it with theory. Following these quantifications, we applied the VIPA-based spectrometer to tumor spheroids engineered from different cell lines that possess different metastatic potentials and resistance to therapies. On these models, we detected significant changes in the linewidth suggesting that BLS measurements of the viscosity could be used as a read-out to distinguish different levels of drug resistance.Measurements based on optics offer a wide range of unprecedented opportunities in the biological application due to the noninvasive or non-destructive detection. Wearable skin-like optoelectronic devices, capable of deforming with the human skin, play significant roles in future biomedical engineering such as clinical diagnostics or daily healthcare. However, the detected signals based on light intensity are very sensitive to the light path. The performance degradation of the wearable devices occurs due to device deformation or motion artifact. In this work, we propose the optical difference in the frequency domain of signals for suppressing the disturbance generated by wearable device deformation or motion artifact during the photoplethysmogram (PPG) monitoring. The signal processing is simulated with different input waveforms for analyzing the performance of this method. Then we design and fabricate a wearable optoelectronic device to monitor the PPG signal in the condition of motion artifact and use the optical difference in the frequency domain of signals to suppress irregular disturbance. The proposed method reduced the average error in heart rate estimation from 13.04 beats per minute (bpm) to 3.41 bpm in motion and deformation situations. These consequences open up a new prospect for improving the performance of the wearable optoelectronic devices and precise medical monitoring in the future.This study develops an energy modulation technique to attain a constant interstitial tissue temperature and to induce the predetermined thermal coagulation without carbonization in tissue. An optical diffuser was employed to deliver 1064 nm light to the biological tissue. The combined mode maintained the interstitial temperature at 70 °C for longer durations compared to the continuous wave mode. Coagulation volumes increased linearly with the time and met the predetermined treatment volume range (0.32-0.52 cm3) after the combined treatment for 100 s. The combined modulation can be a feasible modality to induce the predetermined extent of thermal coagulation for treating papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.A technique to generate large field of view projection maps of arbitrary optical coherence tomography (OCT) data is described. The technique is divided into two stages - an image acquisition stage that features a simple to use fast and robust retinal tracker to get motion free retinal OCT volume scans - and a stitching stage where OCT data from different retinal locations is first registered against a reference image using a custom pyramid-based approach and finally stitched together into one seamless large field of view (FOV) image. The method is applied to data recorded with a polarization sensitive OCT instrument in healthy subjects and glaucoma patients. The tracking and stitching accuracies are quantified, and finally, large FOV images of retinal nerve fiber layer retardation that contain the arcuate nerve fiber bundles from the optic nerve head to the raphe are demonstrated.Mapping the uptake of topical drugs and quantifying dermal pharmacokinetics (PK) presents numerous challenges. Though high resolution and high precision methods such as mass spectrometry offer the means to quantify drug concentration in tissue, these tools are complex and often expensive, limiting their use in routine experiments. For the many topical drugs that are naturally fluorescent, tracking fluorescence emission can be a means to gather critical PK parameters. However, skin autofluorescence can often overwhelm drug fluorescence signatures. Here we demonstrate the combination of standard epi-fluorescence imaging with deep learning for the visualization and quantification of fluorescent drugs in human skin. By training a U-Net convolutional neural network on a dataset of annotated images, drug uptake from both high "infinite" dose and daily clinical dose regimens can be measured and quantified. This approach has the potential to simplify routine topical product development in the laboratory.
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