Notes

Self-Driven Infra-red Electrochromic Gadget along with Tunable Eye and Cold weather Operations.
Deepwater chondrichthyans generally provide low levels of yolk-only (lecithotrophic) maternal investment and have relatively small brains, predominantly composed of medulla (a major portion of the hindbrain), whereas matrotrophic chondrichthyans-which provide maternal provisioning beyond the initial yolk sac-found in coastal, reef, or shallow oceanic habitats have relatively large brains, predominantly composed of telencephalon (a major portion of the forebrain). We have demonstrated, for the first time, that both ecological lifestyle and maternal investment are independently associated with brain organization in a lineage with diverse life-history strategies and reproductive modes.The Adaptive Geometry of Trees had an important conceptual influence on plant ecology and helped inspire many new approaches to understanding succession, plant adaptation, and plant competition. Its central model provided an elegant potential explanation for how optimal canopy form should shift with ecological conditions, change those conditions through time, and thus help drive succession and be a consequence of it. Yet on close examination, this deeply inspirational model does not lead to the predictions for which it is widely known. Here I show that the Horn model actually favors monolayer canopies over multilayers under all light conditions if relative growth rate (growth per unit investment) is maximized. Horn's conclusion that multilayers would be favored over monolayers in brighter sites is an artifact. I propose that self-shading multilayers might gain an advantage in brightly lit sites by reducing water loss, reducing the costs of branch construction and maintenance, reducing photoinhibition, increasing light capture in sidelit microsites, and increasing water and nutrient supplies (or leaf longevity) when combined with one or more of the previous potential advantages. I conclude with a brief discussion connecting Horn's model to other conceptual frameworks in plant ecology and outlining possible future extensions.Group living is predicted to arise only when the fitness benefits outweigh the costs of sociality. Group-living species-including cooperatively breeding and family-living birds and mammals-occur most frequently in environments where climatic conditions fluctuate unpredictably from year to year. The fitness consequences of group living are thus expected to vary with changing environmental conditions, though few studies have examined this possibility. We examined whether living in large social groups improves adult survivorship in cooperatively breeding superb starlings (Lamprotornis superbus). We also tested the hypothesis that larger groups buffer against harsh conditions by increasing survivorship most under periods of low rainfall. We found that group size was positively correlated with adult survival but in a sex-specific manner female survival increased with group size across all environmental conditions, whereas male survival increased with group size only in wet years. Together with previous work in this system, our results suggest that larger groups confer survival benefits by reducing predation, rather than by improving access to food or buffering against physiological stress. Although group living does not appear to buffer against harsh conditions in adult starlings living in a fluctuating environment, living in larger groups does confer a survival advantage.The causes of the rapid diversification and extraordinary richness of flowering plants (angiosperms) relative to other plant clades is a long-standing mystery. Angiosperms are only one among 10 major land plant clades (phyla) but include ∼90% of land plant species. However, most studies that have tried to identify which traits might explain the remarkable diversification of angiosperms have focused only on richness patterns within angiosperms and tested only one or a few traits at a single hierarchical scale. Here, we assemble a database of 31 diverse traits among 678 families and analyze relationships between traits and diversification rates across all land plants at three hierarchical levels (phylum, order, and family) using phylogenetic multiple regression. selleck We find that most variation (∼85%) in diversification rates among major clades (phyla) is explained by biotically mediated fertilization (e.g., insect pollination) and clade-level geographic range size. Different sets of traits explain diversification at different hierarchical levels, with geographic range size dominating among families. Surprisingly, we find that traits related to local-scale species interactions (i.e., biotic fertilization) are particularly important for explaining diversification patterns at the deepest timescales, whereas large-scale geographic factors (i.e., clade-level range size) are more important at shallower timescales. This dichotomy might apply broadly across organisms.Objective The objective of this study was to determine if homeless men with psychosis in central Melbourne have spent a greater proportion of the past 12 months in homeless settings as compared with the same group 15 years previously. Method A 12-month accommodation history was collected from all men with psychosis assessed by a homeless outreach mental health team over a 12-month period commencing 2018 and compared with data from 2006. Results Between 2006 and 2018, the percentage of time spent homeless in the previous 12 months rose from 50% to 80% (p = 0.0001). The mean time spent shelterless increased from 72 days to 149 days (p = 0.0001). Conclusions The amount of time spent homeless has increased in men with psychosis assessed in central Melbourne. This finding suggests that men with psychosis are becoming increasingly entrenched in homeless settings. Addressing this trend requires an increased emphasis on assertive outreach, greater access to acute inpatient and long-term rehabilitation units, and more low cost affordable housing, including housing first facilities.Objective To explore a developmental understanding of childhood gender dysphoria and to compare it to the prevailing paradigm, gender-affirming care. Conclusion Viewing gender dysphoria through a contemporary developmental frame generates a different understanding of the nature of the phenomenon and its treatment and raises ethical questions about our current gender-affirming approach.
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